Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) and their Applications: A Review

Dr. (Smt.) Rashmi Jindal

Assistant Professor, Chemistry Department, C. L. Jain Degree College, Firozabad, UP, India

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been widely studied in recent years due to its unique structure related properties, such as optical, electrical and optoelectrical properties. Furthermore, GQDs are environment friendly due to its non-toxic and biologically inert properties, which have attracted worldwide interests from academic and industry. This review introduces quantum dots (QDs) and explores their applications, delivery systems in biology. QDs are one of the first nanotechnologies to be integrated with the biological sciences and are widely anticipated to eventually find application in a number of commercial consumer and clinical products. The various applications of GQDs in biological imaging, photodynamic therapy, electrochemical sensors and use in drug delivery and medicine are described. GQDs composites, having optimized contents and properties, are also discussed to extend the applications of GQDs.

Keywords: Graphene quantum dots GQDs, Drug delivery, Nanobiotechnology, Biosensors.

Full Paper

Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) and their Synthesis: A Critical Review

Dr. (Smt.) Rashmi Jindal

Assistant Professor, Chemistry Department, C. L. Jain Degree College, Firozabad, UP, India

Being a fluorescent carbon material, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have seeked attention due to their properties and potential applications in biological, optoelectronic, and energy-related fields. Furthermore, GQDs are nontoxic and possess biologically inert properties. Due to these characteristics, they are apt for various commercial and domestic applications, which include catalysis, imaging, medical applications, energy-based research, and environmental applications.

However, their high cost and low yield remain open challenges for practical applications. Many carbon-based resources has been used to synthesise GQDs, such as graphite flakes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon fibrecoal and others. The main focus of this review is on the methods of synthesis of GQDs. The synthesis strategies of GQDs, including top–down and bottom–up strategies mainly containing, the hydrothermal or solvothermal method, the ultrasonic-assisted or microwave assisted process and electrochemical oxidation from small molecules or polymers, are discussed.

Keywords: Graphene Quantum Dots, Bottom-up method, Top-down method.

Full Paper

Citral Content in Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essential Oil at Early and Delayed Harvesting

Dr. Mala Kumari

Department of Chemistry, S.C. College, Ballia, U.P., India.

E-mail:kumrimala310@gmail.com

The demand for lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is for its high citral content.  Early or delayed harvesting of lemongrass affected essential oil and citral (Neral and Geranial) content. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of four maturity stages at harvest of lemongrass on essential oil, chemical composition and citral contents. The plants were harvested at 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 months after planting. After harvesting, the essential oil 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal (citral) is hydrodistilled from lemon grass in the laboratory, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal acetals (citral acetals) are synthesized from citral, used in perfumery, flavour, for fortifying lemon oil and has strong antimicrobial qualities. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and gas chromatography (GC) were conducted for verification of chemical constitution present in essential oil of lemon grass. Nutritionally, lemon grass is a good source of vitamins A and C, folic acid, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, potassium, calcium manganese and vitamin E. Chemical composition and citral contents were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.  There were significant effects of maturity stages on essential oil and citral contents was found. Lemongrass harvested at 5.0 and 6.0, 7.0 months after planting had significantly higher oil contents than maturity i.e., 8.0 month.

Key words: Infra-red, Gas chromatography, Distillation, Lemon grass, Essential oil, Vitamin E and Antimicrobial activity.

Full Paper

SnS Quantum Dots – A Green Photovoltaic Material

Sakshi Chaudhary¹ and Salam Samarendra Singh²

¹Department of Physics, D. J. College, Baraut, U. P. -250611, India

²Department of Mathematics, G.P.Women’s College, Imphal, Manipur – 795001, India

Email of corresponding author: sakshichaudhary950@gmail.com

Structures and electronic properties of SnS quantum dots (QDs) are studied by using first principles density functional theory (DFT) for their potential applications in the design of environmentally friendly green solar cells. QDs of different sizes are investigated and effect of ligation on geometry optimization and the electronic properties of the QDs are investigated. Also, effect of stoichiometry of the QDs is also investigated. There is a red shift on the absorption peak of the QDs as the size of QDs is increased.

Keywords: Quantum dots, solar cells, DFT.

Full Paper

Characteristics of Plasmonic Solar Cell Embedded by Silver Nanoparticles

Anjna Chetan, Rajeev Kumar, Kh.S. Singh and Sandeep Kumar*,

Department of Physics, D. J. College, Baraut, Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh, India-250611.

Corresponding author – *sandeep12kumar@gmail.com

Characteristics of plasmonic solar cells are studied.  In particular, amorphous silicon thin films dispersed with Ag nanoparticles are studied theoretically using effective medium theory. The dependence of electron generation rate and the current density on the thickness of the film is investigated. The effect of dispersion of Ag nanoparticles on the absorption coefficient of nanocomposite is also investigated. The dependence of external quantum efficiency (EQE) on wavelength is estimated. There is almost no change in the open circuit voltage of the film with the introduction of Ag nanoparticles but there is an appreciable enhancement of closed circuit current density with Ag nanoparticles dispersed.

Keywords:  Plasmonic solar cells, nanoparticles, effective-medium theory, external quantum efficiency.

Full Paper

Insulin-Mediated Signaling Pathways in Healthy State and Insulin Resistance State

Prof. (Dr.) Anil Gupta

Vice-principal, Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry

Eklavya Dental College and Hospital, Kotputli, Rajasthan, India

anilfzk2323@yahoo.com

Global burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus is the main focus of the research studies in the world to understand fine details of normal metabolic and Mitogenic actions of insulin coupled with minute knowledge of the molecular causes of the insulin resistance and defect in the insulin signaling pathways that contribute to impaired carbohydrate metabolism in body. This review article provides thorough description of the insulin mediated signaling pathways and role of implicated effector molecules that are part of impaired signaling pathways to reach a consensus helpful in developing newer diagnostic as well as therapeutic molecules.

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, insulin actions, insulin signaling, impaired insulin signaling.

Full Paper

Interface roughness in OPV device

Dr. Hemant Kumar

Government Degree College, Kasganj, U.P., India.

hemantamu@gmail.com

The performance of OPV (Organic photo voltaic) or OSC’s (Organic solar cell) devices are depend on mobality of free electron and holes generated in organic active layer. The interface between donar and acceptor layer are active site for exciton dissociation. The number of free electron and holes formed after dissociation of exciton are major contributor of Jsc. We also study the effect of roughness of Phthalocyanine (small molecule organic material) as donar layer with C₆₀ as acceptor layer in bilayer OPV device. We have studied the AFM and XRD of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and Metal free phthalocyanine (Hydrogen Phthalocyanine – H₂Pc). We found that the selections of active layer material in OPV device are such that the roughness level of both materials forms maximum interface area between donar and acceptor.

Keywords: Phthalocyanine, AFM, Interface roughness.

Full Paper

Residual Effect of Green Manure (Sesbania Aculeata) Decomposed with Distillery Effluent on Seed Germination and Growth of Cicer Arietinum L.

Ruby Rani

Research Scholar, Ph.D., C.C.S University Meerut, Environmental Science Lab.,

Department of Botany, Kisan P.G. College, Simbhaoli, Hapur, U.P., India.

Singhruby.978@gmail.com

A study was carried to observe the effect of green manure decomposed by distillery effluent on Cicer arietinum L.cv. 256. The study revealed that 50% concentration of treated distillery effluent with green leaf manure (Sesbania aculeata) has promotory effect than 100% concentration and only green leaf manure over control. The germination percent, seedling growth, germination relative index, phytomass and vigour index were found higher in 50% concentration of distillery effluent with green leaf manure. As green manure envisages a comprehensive management approach to improve the health and underlying productivity of the soil. Therefore, it is recommended that distillery effluent has appreciable amount of plant nutrients which can be assimilated into soil for growth after proper dilution and treatment.

Keywords: Distillery effluent, green manure, sesbania aculeata, comprehensive management, Cicer arietinum L.

Full Paper

Behaviour of Magnetic Susceptibility and Current Density in Y, Bi &Tl- Based High Temperature Superconductors

Dr. Pawan Kumar

Associate Prof., Department of  Physics, A.S. (P.G.) College, Sikandrabad, U.P., India.

The critical current density in Y,Bi,&Tl- based  superconductors has been measured over the magnetic field. The variation of AC susceptibility for these samples with temperature has been depicted. The curves have been normalised to flat regions of the characteristics at temperature far above and below  T_c.

Keywords: Electrical resistivity,magnetic susceptibility,phase transition.

Full Paper

Spectral Absorption Study in OPV Device

Dr. Hemant Kumar

Government Degree College, Kasganj, UP, India.

hemantamu@gmail

We have studied the UV-Visible absorption spectrum of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and Metal free phthalocyanine (Hydrogen Phthalocyanine – H₂Pc). We also study the effect of CuPc, ZuPc and H₂Pc as donar layer in (CuPc)/ fullerene (C₆₀), (ZuPc)/ (C₆₀) and (H₂Pc)/ (C₆₀) bilayer organic photovoltaic device (OPV) or Organic Solar Cell (OSCs), the enhancement of the overall performance of the OSCs with better spectral absorption. A variation in Efficiency in the device architecture has been observed. The variation in η is dominantly attributed to the increment in short circuit current density (J_sc) due to efficient photon harvesting by donor.

Keywords: Phthylocyanine, Bilayer OPV, UV-Visible spectrum.

Full Paper

The RF Stimulated Hall Potentials in High Temperature
Superconductors YBa₂Cu₃O₇

Pawan Kumar^1,* and Vaibhav Jain²

^1,*Associate Prof., Department of Physics, A.S. (P.G.) College, Sikanderabad, India

²Associate Prof., Department of Physics, DAV (P.G.) College, Bulandshahr, India

The Hall potentials had been recorded under radio-frequency (2-5.2 MHz range) perturbation which is found conventionally synthesized HTS Y₁₂₃ at room temperature. The Hall coefficient R_H and electrical carrier density N_H had been computed and is found to be in the semiconductor range of the order of 10^-14 and 10¹³ respectively.

Keywords: Hall Potential, Perturbation, High temperature superconductors (HTS), Hall coefficient.

Full Paper

Structural and Dielectrical Properties of Nb-doped PZTN Ceramics

Pradeep Kumar Yadav¹, Ruby Yadav² and Sanjay Kumar Singh^3,*

 ^1,2Physics Department, Meerut College, Meerut, U.P., India.

³Directorate of Higher Education, U.P., Pryagraj, India.

*email: tanishqrawal@gmail.com

Polycrystalline samples of PZTN with the compositions Pb_1.1-x/2 (Zr_0.53 Ti_0.47)_1-x Nb_xO₃ (where x=0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05) has been prepared by solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction studies suggest that the compounds are in rhombohedral phase. Pyrochlore value and surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Detailed studies of dielectric constants as a function of temperature (40^oC-500°C) and frequency (100Hz-1MHz) suggest that the compound do not have relaxor behavior and undergoes diffuse type of phase transition.

Keywords:   Dielectric, ceramics, XRD, SEM.

Full Paper

The study of Magnetoresistivity in 10% Ag dopped HTS Bi₂Sr₂ CaCu₂O_x

Dr. Pawan Kumar

Associate Prof., Department of  Physics, A.S. (P.G.) College,Sikandrabad, U.P., India.

The Magnetoresistance of 10% Ag dopped Bi- Sr- Ca- Cu-O system within its superconducting transition region was studied. In low magnetic fields the square of Magnetoresistance was found to show a linear dependance of H. The results have been explained in terms of randomly diluted Josephson junction present in the sample.

Keywords: Magnetoresistance, Hall geometry, Superconductivity.

Full Paper

Nanocomposite Copolymer of 1-(2-aminophenyl) Pyrrole and 2-3-dimethyl Aniline Synthesis and Characterization

Ajay Chauhan¹, Rajeev Rathore²* and Vaibhav Jain³

¹Physics Department, Meerut College, Meerut, U.P., India

²Chemistry Department, Meerut College, Meerut, U.P., India

³Physics Department, DAV (PG) College, Bulandshahr, U.P., India

^*email: r.rathore_@hotmail.com

Nanocomposites of copolymer of 1-(2-aminophenyl) pyrrole and 2-3-dimethyl aniline is synthesized using chemical oxidative polymerization doped with HCl and Ammonium persulfate (APS) used as an oxidant. Nanocomposite copolymer obtained is characterized for physical and structural configurations by UV-Vis., FTIR spectrophotometer and XRD. TGA for thermal stability and 4-probe method is used to determine the electrical conductivity. Spectral study confirms the p-p* transition in nanocomposite copolymer. The formation of copolymer and its structure is confirmed by FTIR. The amorphous nature of polymer nanocomposite is established by the XRD. The electrical conductivity of sample was comparable to the intrinsic conductive polymers used. SEM micrographs are used to estimate the size and surface morphology.

Key words:   Nanocomposite, Copolymer, SEM, FTIR, XRD.

Full Paper

Electrical and Thermoelectric Properties of NaAlO₂

¹Shivendu Tripathi and ²Subodh Kumar Sharma

¹Satish Chandra College, Ballia, U.P., India.

²S. S. V. College, Hapur, U.P., India.

The electrical conductivity (σ) with ionic (σ_i) and electronic (σ_e) conductivity and thermoelectric power (S) of NaAlO₂ have been separated over the entire temperature range from 450K to just below its melting point with the help of time dependent study of dc electrical conductivity. Superionic phase has been observed well below the melting point in which the conductivity is almost purely ionic. The phase transition temperature below which the solid transform from superionic to normal phase has been obtained from electrical conductivity (σ) and thermoelectric power (S) measurement. In normal ionic phase, the solid NaAlO₂ shows mixed conduction (ionic and electronic) behavior. The variation of σ_i and σ_e with temperatures has been shown in various plots and the conduction mechanism is explained by extended lattice gas model.

Keywords: Ionic conductivity; Electronic conductivity; Thermoelectric power, Phase Transition temperature.

Full Paper

Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in Different Sites of Agra City, Uttar Pradesh

Vinod Kumar¹ and Smita Chaturvedi²

^1,2Department of chemistry, Agra College, Agra, U.P., India.

¹Email: vinodkchem@gmail.com

A systematic study has been carried out to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater in Agra city. Six groundwater samples were collected from various locations during February 2018 to March 2018 and analysed for pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, fluoride and chloride following the standard methods and procedures. Present work revealed that groundwater is comparatively very hard and slightly alkaline. Fluoride contents vary from place to place. The sampling sites showed that the physico-chemical parameters were not within the water quality standard and was not found fit for drinking.

Keywords: Physico-chemical Characteristics, Groundwater in Agra city.

Full Paper

The MRF-Sensitization of Gold-Bearing Rock Crystals

Dr. Pawan Kumar

Associate Prof., Department of  Physics, A.S. (P.G.) College, Sikandrabad, U.P., India.

A series of experimentation on geo-rock crystals such as gold containing minerals, peridotite. pyroxnite, proterozoic volcanic rocks, lava tubes & their contents etc. under the artificial feedback of signals and fields manifests a typical development of electrical as well as magneto-conductivity with big anisotropy. Which confirms the existence of multi-layered, auto-blanketed, nucleo-ionic condensation ‘n’ of the order of 10¹⁴ – 10¹⁶. The temporal development of the magneto-potential records shows the possibility of channelizing the earthquake energy in stimulating cold-fusion processes in MRF-Sensitized geo matters in the subduction zones of earth.

Keywords: temporal development, geo matters, magneto potential.

Full Paper

Temperature Dependent Magnetization and Critical Current Density in Pr doped HTS YBa₂Cu₃O_x

Dr. Pawan Kumar

Associate Prof., Department of  Physics, A.S. (P.G.) College,Sikandrabad, U.P., India.

In present study we have studied the variation of magnetization versus applied field up to 4 T over a wide temperature range from 10 K to 70 K for Pr doped polycrystalline YBa₂Cu₃O_x. The critical current density has been calculated based on the magnetization measurements. Our titration measurements yielded an oxygen content of x=6.98 for the 400°C-annealed sample and x=6.62 for the 600°C-annealed sample. The electrical resistivity experiments showed transition temperature T_c. values of 91 K and 63 K for the samples annealed at 400°C and 600°C, respectively.

Keywords: Magnetization, Current density, Superconductivity.

Full Paper

Characterization of copolymer nanocomposite of 3,4-dimethyl pyrrole and 4-methoxy-2-methyl aniline

Ajay Chauhan¹, Rajeev Rathore^2,* and Pradeep Kumar Yadav¹

¹Physics Department, Meerut College, Meerut, U.P., India.

²Chemistry Department, Meerut College, Meerut, U.P., India.

^*email: r.rathore_@hotmail.com

Nanocomposites copolymer of 3,4-dimethyl pyrrole (DMPy) and 4-methoxy-2-methyl aniline (MMA) is synthesized using chemical oxidative polymerization doped with HCl and Ammonium persulfate (APS) used as an oxidant. Nanocomposite obtained is characterized for structural configurations by UV-Vis and FTIR spectrophotometer, TGA, XRD. Four probe method is adopted for the measurement of electrical conductivity. Spectral study confirms the p-p* transition in nanocomposite copolymer. The formation of copolymer and its structure is confirmed by FTIR. The amorphous nature of polymer nanocomposite is established by the XRD. The electrical conductivity of sample was comparable to the intrinsic conductive polymers used. SEM micrographs are used to study the size and surface morphology of copolymer nanocomposite.

Key words:   Copolymer, nanocomposite, UV-VIS, XRD, SEM, FTIR.

Full Paper

To Study the Variation of Second Order Elastic Coefficient (SOEC) with Pressure for Binary Semiconductor Belonging to II-VI and III-V Groups of Semiconductors

Dr. R.S. Indolia and Dr. Chandravir Singh

Department of Physics, Agra College, Agra, U.P. India.

E-mail – rsindolia2014@gmail.com, drcvsinghph@gmail.com

The variation of second order elastic coefficient (SOEC) of II-VI and III-V groups of semiconductors with pressure have been studied. On the basis of best fit data, the variation of SOEC with pressure can be well fitted by polynomial curve for C₁₁ and C₁₂ and linearly fitted for C_44. These results are in excellent agreement with the values reported by different researchers.

Key words: Second order elastic coefficient (SOEC), II-VI and III-V groups of binary semiconductors.

Full Paper

Pressure Volume Calculations in FCC Metals using Two Body Potentials

V. Singh^{1 *} and B.K. Sharma²

^1* Physics Department, Agra College, Agra, U.P., India.

² Physics Department, Agra College, Agra, U.P., India.

 ^1* agravikram@rediffmail.com

² bks_phys@rediffmail.com

* Author for correspondence Tel +91 9456403205

Pressure volume (P-V) calculations of FCC metals (Copper, Silver, Gold, Aluminum and Nickel) have been carried out by taking simple two body Kuchhal and Das (K. D.) and Morse potential. In case of K. D. potential, the computed results of P-V calculations are fairly close with experimental results. At high relative volume, the computed results with Morse potential are closely match with experimental results but at low relative volume, calculated and experimental results are poor match. Our study shows that computed results with K. D. potential gives better results of P-V calculations for all FCC metals in comparison to computed results with Morse potential.

Keywords: Two body potential, FCC metals, Mechanical properties, Elastic constants.

Full Paper

Resonant Frequency of a Circular Patch Antenna (CPA) with an air gap in S and X Band

Dr. Sandhya Mann

 Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Agra College, Agra, U.P., India.

An important analytical model is presented for the calculation of resonant frequency of a CPA with an air gap at two operating frequencies 3 and 10 GHz in S and X band range. This approach has a great degree of freedom in a sense that it is applicable to all dimensions, small to large and all shapes. The CPA with an air gap was introduced by Lee and Dahele and has been investigated for circular patch geometry.

Keywords:  Microstrip antennas, Resonance frequency, Air gap.

Full Paper

Evaluation of Valance Force Constant for Terahalides Applying the Effective Nuclear Charge Model

Ruby Yadav¹, Pradeep Kumar Yadav^2,* and Sanjay Kumar Singh³

 ^1,2Physics Department, Meerut College, Meerut, U.P., India.

³Directorate of Higher Education, U.P., Prayagraj, India.

*email: yadav62pk@gmail.com

In the present article, the effective nuclear charge model is used to compute the valence force constants for tetrahedral molecules. The experimental force constants determined by normal co-ordinate analysis are compared with the computed results. The agreement between the results, are found to be reasonably good and hence, it is concluded that the said model is successful to predict the approximated valence force constants in complicated polyatomic molecules.

Keywords: Tetrahedral, valance force, nuclear charge.

Full Paper

Temperature Dependence of Electrical Resistivity for pure and Ag Doped Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Superconductor

Dr. Pawan Kumar

Associate Prof., Department of  Physics, A.S. (P.G.) College,Sikandrabad, U.P., India.

The temperature dependent resistance of pure and Ag doped Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O has been observed. It has been found that Ag additions to Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O depress T_c and J_c drestically and cause a large decrease in lattice parameters when samples are treated in air or pure oxygen. However, the lattice parameters T_c and J_c remain  unaffected by Ag additions when samples heated in 0.030-0.067 atm oxygen. It is clear that the Ag reacts with and destabilises the superconducting phase when the samples are treated in air or pure oxygen while, when the samples are heated in low oxygen partial pressures, the Ag remains as an isolated inert metal phase that improves the week links between the grains.

Keywords: Electrical Resistivity, ceramics, superconductivity.

Full Paper

Study of Chemically Synthesized Nanocomposite Copolymer of 3,4-dimethyl Pyrrole and 2-ethyl Aniline

Rajeev Rathore¹, Ajay Chauhan^2,* and Pradeep Kumar Yadav²

¹Chemistry Department, Meerut College, Meerut, U.P., India.

²Physics Department, Meerut College, Meerut, U.P., India.

*email: cajaymcm@gmail.com

Chemically synthesized Copolymer nanocomposite of 3,4-dimethyl pyrrole (DMPy) and 2-ethyl aniline (EA) using chemical oxidative polymerization doped with HCl and Ammonium persulfate (APS) used as an oxidant was characterized for structural configurations by UV-Vis, FTIR, TGA and XRD. Four probe method was adopted for the measurement of electrical conductivity. Spectroscopy confirms the p-p* transition in nanocomposite copolymer. FTIR confirms the formation of copolymer and its structure. XRD analysis shows the amorphous nature of polymer nanocomposite. The electrical conductivity of sample was comparable to the intrinsic conductive polymers used. Size and surface morphology was demonstrated by SEM.

Key words:   Nanocomposite, Copolymer, XRD, TGA, SEM, Four probe method.

Full Paper

The Fluctuating Superconducting Transitions in Granitoids Rock BPY-1 Crystals

Pawan Kumar^1,* and Vaibhav Jain²

^1,*Associate Prof., Department of Physics, A.S. (P.G.) College, Sikanderabad, U.P., India.

²Associate Prof., Department of Physics, DAV (P.G.) College, Bulandshahr, U.P., India.

The temperature dependent conductivity had been recorded in georock crystal BPY-1 alongwith RF stimulated Hall effects. The surprising features of the study had been discussed.

Keywords: Conductivity, RF stimulated Hall effect.

Full Paper

Redundancy Optimization of a System under the Fault-tolerant System

Chetan Kumar Sharma

Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics

Skyline Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, U.P., India

Email: cks26april@gmail.com

Fault-tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of (or one or more faults within) some of its components. Fault-tolerance is particular sought after in high-availability or life-critical system. A fault tolerant design enables a system to continue its intended operation possibly at a reduced level, rather than falling completely, when some part of the system fails. In this paper we discuss the redundancy optimal system size with the reliability evaluation of a system of components.

Keywords: Fault-tolerant, Reliability Evaluation, Parallel System, Probability, Minimize Average Cost, Hardware & Software Redundant.

Full Paper

Comparative Structural Analysis of PBZT Nanoceramics Synthesized by Co-precipitation and Sol-gel Method

Pradeep Kumar Yadav^1,*, Amar Pal² and Sanjay Kumar Singh³

 ¹Physics Department, Meerut College, Meerut (U.P) India

²Sanskar College of Engg. & Tech., Ghaziabad (U.P.) India

³Directorate of Higher Education, U.P. Allahabad, India

*email: yadav62pk@gmail.com

In this study, a comparative structural analysis of bismuth doped PZT nanoceramics (i.e. Pb_0.98 BI_0.02 (Zr_0.52 TI_0.48)_0.98 O₃) prepared by chemical co-precipitation and sol-gel methods has been made. Perovskite PZT phase in the compound prepared by sol-gel method can be seen ta the temperature as low as 250°C whereas the evolution of PZT phase along with small amount of pyrochlore phase take place only after 400°C temperature in the samples prepared by co-precipitation method. The X-Ray diffractogram of pellets sintered at 1100°C also confirms that bismuth doping does not affect the crystal structure of the compounds and a tetragonal unit cell structure was formed in both of the cases.

Keywords:   Nanoceramics, PZT, Sol-gel, XRD.

Full Paper

Study of Chemically Synthesized Nanocomposite Copolymer of N-Methyl Pyrrole and 2,5-Dimethoxy Aniline

Rajeev Rathore^1,*, Ajay Chauhan² and Pradeep Kumar Yadav²

^1,*Chemistry Department, Meerut College, Meerut-250002 (U.P) India

²Physics Department, Meerut College, Meerut-250002 (U.P) India

^1,*email: r.rathore_@hotmail.com

Copolymer nanocomposite of N-Methyl pyrrole (NMPy) and 2,5-dimethoxy aniline (DMOA) doped with HCl was synthesized using chemical oxidative polymerization. Ammonium persulfate (APS) was used as an oxidant. The nanocomposite samples were characterized for structural configurations by UV-Vis, FTIR, TGA and XRD. Four probe method was adopted for the measurement of electrical conductivity. Spectroscopy confirms the p-p* transition in nanocomposite copolymer. FTIR confirms the formation of copolymer and its structure. XRD analysis shows the amorphous nature of polymer nanocomposite. The electrical conductivity of sample was comparable to the intrinsic conductive polymers used. Size and surface morphology was demonstrated by SEM.

Key words:   Nanocomposite, copolymer, XRD, TGA, SEM, four probe method.

Full Paper

Effects of Space Weather due to Solar Radiation on High Frequency Communication Technologies

Sanjay Kumar Singh¹, Anil Kumar² and Ajay Chauhan^3,*

^1,2Physics Department, OPJS University, Rajgarh, Churu, Rajasthan, India.

^3,*Physics Department, Meerut College, Meerut, U. P., India.

email: cajaymcm@gmail.com

The effects of Space Weather on technology are manifold and can be experienced in deep space as well as on the surface of the earth. Space weather effecting prevalent technologies on earth are primarily linked to the conditions in space environment, predominantly controlled by the Sun. This article describes the basic facts for understanding processes responsible for space weather effects on (i) satellites, (ii) power systems, (iii) radio propagation, (iv) communication cables and few other technologies. The events under this study are associated with CME’s, flares, particle radiations and plasmas of solar origin.

Keywords: Space weather, Satellites, Solar flares, Plasmas of solar origin.

Full Paper

Study of Bandwidth of Airgap Circular Patch Microstrip Antenna (CPMA) in S and X Band

Dr. Sandhya Mann

 Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Agra College, Agra, U.P., India.

Microstrip antennas have received a lot of attention in the recent years because of their potential applications in many portable communication systems. There has been significant advancement in improving the inherent narrow operating bandwidth of microstrip antennas. Use of air gap between the substrate and the ground plane is an effective and convenient approach for improving the band width. Hence, in this paper an attempt has been made to study and develop a broad band microstrip antenna by creating an air gap between the ground plane and the dielectric substrate. The analysis has been done on a circular patch in microwave frequencies range of S and X band. Effect of air gap on band width has been studied and plotted. This can conveniently be applied to the array configuration of any geometry for much larger band gap achievement.

Keywords : Microstrip antennas, Bandwidth, Airgap circular patch.

Full Paper

The Study of HTS Conduction Processes in Pure & Doped Y₁₂₃ Superconductors

Pawan Kumar^1,* and Vaibhav Jain²

^1,*Associate Prof., Department of Physics, A.S. (P.G.) College, Sikanderabad, U.P., India.

²Associate Prof., Department of Physics, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Bulandshahr, U.P., India.

An attempt to enhance the HTS conduction due to doping has been made in Y₁₂₃. An attempt of resistivity transition in HTS under magnetic field is under trial. Pr – doping in HTS Y₁₂₃ emerges effective in shifting the superconducting transition temperature in different stages.

Keywords: High Temperature Superconductivity (HTS), Doping, Superconductivity.

Full Paper

Studies on Physicochemical Parameters to Assess the Ground Water Quality in Ballia District

Dr. Mala Kumari

Department of Chemistry, S.C. College, Ballia, U.P., India.

No water, no life, no blue, no greenie without water life is impossible. The quality of water change day by day depending upon sources [1] People on globe are under tremendous threat due to undesired changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, water and soil. Due to increased human population, industrialization, use of fertilizers and man-made activity water is highly polluted with different harmful contaminants. Natural water contaminates due to weathering of rocks and leaching of soils, mining processing etc. [2]. It is necessary that the quality of drinking water should be checked at regular time interval, because due to use of contaminated drinking water, human population also suffers from varied of water borne diseases. These could have serious heal. The availability of good quality water is an indispensable feature for preventing diseases and improving quality of life. It is necessary to know details about different physico-chemical parameters such as Colour, Odour, Temperature, Hardness, pH value, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca²⁺)^, Magnesium (Mg²⁺), Chloride(Cl^–), Sulphate  (SO₄^2-), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), were analyzed for testing of water quality .and compared with maximum permissible limits. The drinking water recommended by aome water analysis reports with physic-chemical parameters have been given for the exploring parameter study. Guidelines of different physic-chemical parameters also have been given for comparing the value of real water sample.

Keyword: Water, Physio – chemical, Parameters, Hardness, EC, OD, COD, TDS, DO.

Full Paper

Development and characterization of TiO₂ based Pd-GATE MOSFET Hydrogen sensor

Pradeep Kumar Yadav^1,*, Ruby Yadav² and Sanjay Kumar Singh³

 ^1,2Physics Department, Meerut College, Meerut, U.P., India.

³Directorate of Higher Education, U.P., Pryagraj, U.P., India.

*email: yadav62pk@gmail.com

The development and characterization of Pd-gate MOSFET hydrogen sensor having TiO₂ as gate oxide, has been presented. The response of the fabricated sensor on exposure to hydrogen gas at room temperature has been studied. Also, the temperature dependent response of the device has been studied.

Key words:   Pd-Gate, sensor, TiO₂.

Full Paper

Synthesis and Characterization of Copolymer Nanocomposite N-Methyl Pyrrole (NMPy) and Aniline-2-Sulphonic Acid (ASA)

R. Rathore^1,* and Ajay Chauhan²

^1,*Department of Chemistry, Meerut College, Meerut, U.P., India.

²Department of Physics, Meerut College, Meerut, U.P., India.

^1,*email: r.rathore_@hotmail.com

Copolymer nanocomposite of N-Methyl pyrrole (NMPy) and Aniline-2-Sulphonic acid (ASA) doped with HCl was synthesized using chemical oxidative polymerization. Ammonium persulfate (APS) was used as an oxidant. The nanocomposite samples were characterized for structural configurations by FTIR, TGA and XRD. Four probe method was adopted for the measurement of electrical conductivity. FTIR confirms the formation of copolymer and its structure. XRD analysis shows the amorphous nature of polymer nanocomposite. The electrical conductivity of sample was measured by using four probe method. Size and surface morphology was demonstrated by SEM.

Key words:   Nanocomposite, copolymer, XRD, TGA, SEM, four probe method.

Full Paper

Natural Pesticides and Synthesized Pesticides: Comparison and Their Impact on Soil Properties

Smita Chaturvedi and Vinod Kumar

Department of Chemistry, Agra College, Agra, U.P., India.

Email: smitachat15@gmail.com; vinodkchem@gmail.com

Our country mostly depends on our agricultural land, yield and farming. The conservation and quality management of soil is our need, without which any nation cannot survive. It is assumed that the natural pesticides are environmentally friendly and synthetic must have some harmful effect on soil. Di-thiocarbamates were discovered as a class of chemical compounds early in the history of Organo-sulpher chemistry. The strong metal binding properties of dithiocarbonic acid were recognized by Delepine [1], the pioneer worker in this field. Most of the metallic dithiocarbamates except these of alkali/alkaline earth metals, are water soluble. The chelating character of dithiocarbamates complexes are remarkable [2,3,]. The antimicrobial activities of these compounds are remarkable. At present they are produced in various countries in thousands of tones for use in agriculture to control plant diseases [4]. They are effective and some of their metal derivatives are also used as commercial pesticides. But as they are synthetic, they may have some harmful effect on soil as compared to natural pesticides [5,6,7,8,9]. Natural pesticides are environmental friendly [4] and have no harmful residues in soil and the food which grow in the soil. Present piece of work is based on the comparative studies of harmful effect of the chosen synthetic pesticides (the metal derivatives of dithiocarbamates Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺ etc.) and the natural pesticides like neem oil, Trichoderma and Beauena bassinar, on soil on the basis of the parameters selected such as pH, moisture oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity, total organic concentration, nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and fusarium count (in spores/ml). These selected parameters have been checked at different concentration (ppm) and regular time interval of both type of pesticides by standard methods.

Keywords: Organo-sulpher chemistry, Antimicrobial activities, Natural pesticides, neem oil, Trichoderma, Beauena bassinar.

Full Paper

Discuss the Unreliability of a Component through Simple Three Phased Model System

Chetan Kumar Sharma

Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics

Skyline Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, U.P., India

Email: cks26april@gmail.com

The analysis approaches can be broadly classified into different categories and different evaluation methods are classified and their applicability to different types of PMSs Static Dynamics; Redundant  Non-redundant; Perfect coverage  Imperfect coverage, are discussed. Traditional and recently developed optimization problems related to PMS are discussed in several ways and each mission phases; different subsystems are required to perform the mission. In this paper we discuss the reliability of a component system through to the unreliability of simple three phased mission block diagram.

Keywords: PMSs (Phased-mission system), Binary system, Minimal cut-set, Redundant System, Block diagram, Reliability Evaluation.

Full Paper

 Studies on Effect of Interface Layer at the Organic-Cathode Interface on PCE of OSCs

Dr. Hemant Kumar

Government Degree College, Kasganj, U.P., India.

hemantamu@gmail.com

The effect of exciton blocking layer (EBL) on the performance of bilayer copper pthalocyanine (CuPc)/fullerene (C₆₀) photovoltaic devices is studied and the results are presented here. CuPc and C₆₀ are the electron donor and acceptor respectively. The application of EBL enhances the fill factor (FF) and short circuit current (J_sc), which results in the enhancement of the overall efficiency of the devices. Bathocuproine (BCP) and bathophenanlthroline (BPhen) are used as the EBL materials in these studies. With respect to the standard device (device containing no EBL), an enhancement of ~ 48 times in efficiency is observed for the device containing BCP. The application of BPhen in place of BCP enhances further the efficiency by ~ 70 %, which is attributed to better electron transportation through BPhen.

Keywords: Exciton blocking layer (EBL), Fill factor (FF), Organic semiconductors (OSCs).

Full Paper

Entanglement Detection Criterion in terms of Probability Amplitudes

Sushamana Sharma^1,*, Rakesh Kothari² and Abhijit Kulshrestha³

^1,2,3 Dept. of Physics, Jodhpur Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.

*sushmana.sharma@jietjodhpur.com

Entanglement has widely researched nowadays worldwide because of its applications in the field of technology. A significant problem is its detection is dealt in this paper. Many methods for entanglement detection and problems associated them are given. An entanglement criterion based on probability amplitudes is derived and tricks which helps in finding a suitable entanglement witness for two qubit systems is explained.

Keywords: Entaglement, Probability amplitude, Two qubit system.

Full Paper

Sensitive, Simple and Rapid Spectrophotometric Method for Monitoring Treatment Concentration of Chloramine-T on Fish Culture Facilities and Environmental Water Samples using Green Analytical Reagent

Riyad Ahmed Al-Okab^1,* and Amal Mohammed Al-Awadhi²

^1,*Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Republic of Yemen.

²Medical Sciences Dean’s Assistant, Lebanese International University, Sana’a, Republic of Yemen.

*riad.aloqob@ye.liu.edu.lb

When studying the effectiveness of the drug for controlling bacterial gill disease. N-sodium-N-chloro-rho-toluenesulfonamide (chloramine-T) concentration must be monitored during treatments of fish. A simple, sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric method, using phenoxazine Cisapride (CSP) and Metaclopramide as green analytical reagents for determination of chloramine-T (CAT) was proposed. The methods are based on the oxidation of Cisapride (CSP) and Metaclopramide (MCP) by chloramine-T in acidic media and coupling with phenoxazine to produce red colour product that has maximum absorption at 520 nm. The calibration curves are linear over 0.50 – 4.50 µg mL^‑1 and 0.45 – 4.00 µg mL^‑1 respectively. The concentration measurements are reproducible within a relative standard deviation of 1% and recoveries are 98.0 -102.0 %. The performance of proposed methods were evaluated in terms of Student’s t-test and Variance ratio F-test that indicate the significance of proposed methods over the standard spectrophotometric method. The proposed method was successfully applied in the determination of chloramine-T in fish culture facilities and environmental water samples.

Keywords: Chloramine-T, Spectrophotometric method, Fish Culture Facilities, Phenoxazine cisapride, green analytical reagents.

Full Paper

Study of Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of Nano-Structured Zinc doped V₂O₅ Thin Films

T. Akkila^1,* and I. Mansur Basha²

^1,*PG& Research Department of Physics, Govt. Arts College, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India.

²PG& Research Department of Physics, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Trichy,Tamilnadu, India.

Thin films of zinc-doped vanadium pentoxide with different Zn doping levels (in steps of 0.1mM of Zn) were deposited on glass substrates by a home built spray pyrolysis system. The effect of Zn doping on the structural, morphological and optical characteristics were carried out. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed that prepared films were polycrystalline in nature, having an orthorhombic crystal structure. Annealing effect improved the crystallinity of the films. The crystallite size of the films was found to increase after annealing. From the FESEM image, the rod shape was observed in the annealed pristine V₂O₅ film. The band gap energies of as deposited and annealed pristine V₂O₅ film were 2.16eV and 2.18eV respectively. The band gap energy of as deposited films varied with Zn doping.

Keywords: Thin films, Zinc Doping, Spray pyrolysis, X-ray diffraction.

Full Paper

Effect of Coulomb Blockade on Josephson Super Current Across Superconductor/Quantum Dot/Superconductor Nano Junction

A. Dhyani, P. Dua, A.K. Chawla and B.S. Tewari*

Department of Physics, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

^*E-mail:-bstewari@ddn.upes.ac.in

The present paper deals with the study of Josephson supercurrent across the correlated single level quantum dot sandwiched between two s-wave superconductors. The renormalized Anderson model is used that includes in the Hamiltonian contribution corresponding to the correlated superconducting quantum dot state, effective BCS type attractive interaction in the superconducting leads, the electron tunneling energy term responsible for coupling of superconducting leads with the dot energy level thatrepresents the tunneling of Cooper pair between two superconductors and on-dot coulomb energy to take care of electronic correlations. The Green’s function equations of motion technique are employed within the framework of Ambegaokar-Baratoff approach to analyze the Josephson supercurrent across such junction. It is pointed out that for large value of on-dot Coulomb energy, the Josephson supercurrent across superconducting Quantum dot (S-QD-S) junction decreases.

Keywords: Josephson supercurrent, Quantum dot, Electron tunneling, Cooper pair, Superconductivity, Nanoscopic junction.

Full Paper

Higher – Derivations in Completely Semi Prime -Rings

M.M. Rahman¹ and S.K. Paul^2,*
¹Department of Mathematics, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
^2,*Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

*e-mail: sanjitkpaul@gmail.com

The aim of the present paper is to prove d_n (uαm) = Ʃ_i+j=n d_i(u)αd_j(m), ∀u ∈ U, m∈M, α ∈ Γ, n ∈ N, where  is a 2-torsion free completely semi prime  Γ-ring satisfying the condition aαbβc = aβbαc, ∀ a,b,c ∈ M and α,β∈ Γ,U is an admissible Lie ideal of M and D = (d_i)_i∈N is a higher (U,M)-derivation of M.

Keywords: Admissible Lie ideal, higher -derivation, completely semiprime -ring.

2010 AMS Subject Classification: Primary 13N15; Secondary 16W10, 17C50.

Full Paper

Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: A Review

Neera Sharma

Department of Physics, Agra College, Agra, U.P., India

E-mail: neerasharma09@yahoo.in

In this paper antimicrobial and anticancer activities of metal oxide nanoparticles are discussed. From the literature review, it is clear that metal oxide nanoparticles can be potential candidate as antimicrobial and anticancer agents. These nanoparticles are effective on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and these can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancers, without effecting healthy cells.

Keywords: Metal oxide nanoparticles, Antimicrobial activity, Anticancer activity.

Full Paper

Review Article: Synthesis of Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles by Green Synthesis Method and its Applications

Neera Sharma

Department of Physics, Agra College, Agra, U.P., India

E-mail: neerasharma09@yahoo.in

In this paper green methods of synthesis of Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles are discussed. Microorganisms, plants and fungi can be used for this purpose. Green synthesis is eco-friendly and cost effective. This is one pot synthesis and uses lesser number of chemicals. This method of synthesis is faster than physical and chemical methods of synthesis of nanoparticles. Applications of Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles are also discussed in this paper.

Keywords: Cr₂O₃, Nanoparticles, Green Synthesis.

Full Paper

Effect of Temperature and Nature of Bond Fission involved in the Hydrolysis of Tri-3,4-Dichloro Aniline Phosphate Ester

Dr. Amit Chaudhary

Chemistry Department, D.S. College, Aligarh, U.P., India..

Email: amitchaudhary111114@gmail.com

Kinetic study of the hydrolysis of 3,4-dichloro aniline phosphate triester have been investigated in 30% aqueous dioxan medium by performing kinetic runs in buffer solution from pH 1.24 to 7.46 at (97±0.5)°C temperature. Neutral species of the triester have been found to be reactive in this region.

Effect of temperature on the rate of hydrolysis of the triester have been studied to know the molecularity of the reaction. Comparative kinetic rate data and isokinetic relationship plot of some other phosphate triesters of known mechanism were considered to decide whether the hydrolysis of the present triester proceed with P-N or C-N bond fission.

Keywords: Hydrolysis, Dioxan medium, Triester.

Full Paper

Study of Shock Wave in Non-Ideal Gas

Dr. C.V. Singh

Department of Physics, Agra College, Agra, U.P., India.

Email: drcvsinghph@Rediffenial.com

One dimensional propagating gravitating gas behind a shock wave propagating in a uniform non-ideal gas at rest is investigated. The equation of state in the suitable form for ideal gases is found to be much accurate and the equation of state for non-ideal gas is considered as given by Landau and Lifsitz.

Keywords: Shock wave, Non-ideal gas.

Full Paper

Creation of a Complete Hindi Handwritten Database for Researchers

Rama Gaur^1,* and Dr. V.S. Chouhan²

^1,*Ph.D. Scholar (ECE), Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.

 ²Professor and Head ECE department, MBM Engineering college, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.

The standard database plays a vital role in handwritten character recognition. Performance of various algorithms and results obtained by researchers can be evaluated only by a benchmark database. In the field of Hindi handwritten research such database is not available. My paper is focuses on creation complete database of Hindi character and numerals. I have generated almost 100-200 samples of each character. The images are stored in JPEG format. The dimension of each character is 105X125 pixels.The size of one character is in between 12 to 25 KB. I have taken fix dimension of character to reduce the complexity for the beginners in testing their algorithms. I am sure that this database will be helpful to the future researchers.

Keywords: Character recognition, Database, Algorithms.

Full Paper

Characterization of Source Rock Sediments from Test Well GGAG#699 Located in Gandhar Oil Field of Gujarat Petroliferous Basin, India, using ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy

Mridula Bohra, Sahi Ram*, S.K. Barbar and K.R. Patel

Department of Physics, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.

E-mail: sr_panwar@yahoo.co.in

⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic studies on deep subsurface sediments collected from test well GGAG#699 located in Gandhar oil field of Cambay basin, Gujarat is reported. It is found that iron if mainly present in some clay (both in high spin Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ state) along with fluctuating amount of pyrite and siderite. The distribution trend of iron bearing minerals can provide useful information about redox environment and in estimating the quality of source rocks in sediments.

Keywords: Source rocks, ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic study, Iron bearing minerals, Cambay basin.

Full Paper

Studies of Glycine Dimethyl Urea Crystals Grown by Aqueous Solution Method

U. Rajesh Kannan^1,*, G. Narayanasamy², S. Subramanian³ and P. Selvarajan⁴

^1,*Research Scholar, Reg. no. 12116, Department of Physics, M.D.T. Hindu College, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India. *Corresponding author: rajeshphymsu@gmail.com

²Asso. Prof., Department of Physics, Kamaraj College, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, India.

³Prof  & Principal (Rtd.), Department of Physics, M.D.T. Hindu College, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India.

⁴Asso. Prof., Department of Physics, Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Tiruchendur, Tamilnadu, India.

(Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India)

Glycine dimethyl urea single crystals were grown by aqueous solution method with slow evaporation technique. Let this crystal be called as GDMU crystal. The grown crystals were characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically and mechanically by various studies. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates the crystal system as monoclinic. The functional groups have been identified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and FT-Raman spectral analyses. Optical transmittance studies reveal very low absorption in the entire visible region. The thermal stability of the title crystal was found by the TG/DSC analysis. Mechanical characterization was done by studying the variation of microhardness with applied load. Solubility of the material was gravimetrically analyzed. The impedance analysis was performed for the sample to understand the electrical properties. Z-scan technique was employed to confirm the third order nonlinearity of the grown crystals. Its relative SHG efficiency has been tested by Kurtz powder method and it shows 1.145 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). The elements present in the sample were identified by EDAX method. Photoluminescence studies were carried out for GDMU crystal to identify the photo emission peaks and the results from the various studied were analyzed.

Keywords: Aqueous Solution method, XRD, FTIR, FT-Raman, TG/DSC analysis, Hardness, Impedance, Z-Scan Spectroscopy, Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) efficiency, EDAX, Photoluminescence.

Full Paper

Weather based yield crop forecasting: Agro-Physics Approach

 Dr. Vinay kumar

 Department of physics, Janta Vedic College, Baraut, Baghpat, U.P., India

The present paper deals with use of non-linear regression analysis for developing Wheat yield forecast model for Jhansi (India). Weather indices based regression models were developed using weather indices as independent variables while character under study such as crop yield was used as dependent variable for Wheat Crop i.e. two step non-linear forecast model. Technique of forecasting using non-linear approach and using weather indices will enrich the knowledge in developing customized models on forecasting for different types of crops and for different locations. For that, trend analysis has been done through linear and non-linear approaches. In which for each weather variable two indices have been developed, one as simple total of values of weather parameter in different weeks and the other one as weighted total, weights being correlation coefficients between detrended yield and weather variable in respective weeks. Weather indices based regression models were developed using weather indices as independent variables while detrended yield (residuals) was considered as dependent variable. Time series yield data of 40 years (1970-2010) and weather data for the year 1970-71 to 2009-10 have been utilized. The models have been used to forecast yield in the subsequent three years 2008-09 to 2009-10 (which were not included in model development). The approach provided reliable yield forecast about two months before harvest.

Keywords: Forecasting, Nonlinear regression model, Weather Indices Approach, Weather variables.

Full Paper

Euler’s Type Integrals Results for Matrix Argument involving Zonal Polynomial

Dr. P.K. Mishra¹, Dr. Abhijit Kulshreshtha^2,* and Dr. Vaibhav Jain³

¹Department of Mathematics, Sobhasaria Group of Institutions, Sikar, Rajasthan India.

^2,*Department of Physics, JIET Group of Institutions, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.

*E-mail:- abhijitjecrc@yahoo.com

³HOD, Department of Physics, DAV (PG) College, Bulandshahr, UP, India

.

In this paper some Euler’s type integrals of generalized hypergeometric function of symmetric positive definite matrix associated with zonal polynomial are discussed, then established new result in particular cases and compare with Euler’s type integral of scalar case. The integrals of Euler’s type have a wide range of applications in the theory of applicable mathematics including statistical distributions. Few known and new results are discussed as particular cases.

2010 Mathematics Subject Classifications: 33C20, 33C45, 33E20, 33C60.

Keywords: Euler’s type integral, Matrix arguments, Zonal polynomials, Hypergeometric function.

Full Paper

Synthesis, Characterization and Biocidal Studies of Co(ll), Ni(ll) and Cu(ll) Complexes with O, O and N- Donor Ligand

Vinod Kumar

Department of chemistry, Agra College, Agra

Email: vinodkchem@gmail.com

Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of phenylglyoxal anil of 4-aminoantipyrine have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, magnetic measurements and electronic spectral studies. From the analytical and spectral data, the stoichiometry of the complexes has been found to be 1:2 (metal: ligand). All the complexes have octahedral structures. The Schiff base and the metal complexes have been screened for their antifungal activity against Aspergillus sydowi and Curvualaria tetrasperma.

Keywords: Phenylglyoxal, Aminoantipyrine, Tridentate Schiff bases, Metal Complexes, Biocidal studies.

Full Paper

Ecological Observations of Avian Fauna on Different Trees in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, India

G. R. Parihar

Department of Zoology, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan,  India

e-mail: grpariharjnvu@yahoo.co

The vegetation of the Thar Desert has great economic importance and many of them contribute to varieties of product for human use and also meet out the domestic requirement of birds. Among these, the Khejari (Prosopis cineraria), Ker (Caparis decidua), Jal (Salvadora persica) and Bordi (Zyzipus nummularia) have the vital role for biodiversity and supporting biocological activities of many birds for their survival in this region. The observations reveal that the Khejari has major important role and support a varieties of birds onthe tree and in the understory of it. These trees are used for night rest as well as for short rest during the day by birds. Caparis decedua is found to support about five species of birds. This shrub provides shelter to birds as night abode. Salvadora percica support four species of birds. Interestingly its holes of old tree trunk provide nesting to nocturnal bird i.e., spotted owlet (Althene brama). Similarly, Zyzipus nummularia support birds primarily for food and subsidiary for nesting purposes. This also provides shelter to birds from predator attack. In present work, bio-ecological observations related to food, feeding and resting behavior of various birds are discussed and are and presented in tables.

Key words: Birds, Thar Desert, Biodiversity, Predator.

Full Paper

⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study of Sedimentary Samples from Goru Formation in Well MNW-1 of Jaisalmer Basin, Rajasthan, India

Samay Singh Meena, Sahi Ram*, Beena Bhatia, and R.P. Tripathi

Department of Physics, Jai Narain Vyas University,

Jodhpur-342005, India

*Corresponding author: sr_–panwar@yahoo.co.in

The test well MNW-1 is located in the Manewala structure of Jaisalmer basin. The Cretaceous sediments are believed to contain source rocks in this basin, the samples collected from Goru formation of upper Cretaceous sedimentary sequence were investigated using Mössbauer spectroscopy to understand the relative distribution of iron bearing minerals with depth.

Iron was found present mainly in siderite, Fe²⁺ in clay minerals and Fe³⁺ in clay minerals. Large abundance of Fe³⁺ in clay minerals in comparison Fe²⁺ in clay minerals results into lower ferrous to ferric ratio in this Formation. This is an indication of poor reducing environment which is not favorable for transformation of organic matter into hydrocarbons.

Keywords: Source rocks, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Iron bearing minerals.

Full Paper

Performance Enhancement through Handling of False Classification for Smart Video Surveillance

Lavanya Sharma^1,* and Nirvikar Lohan²

   ^1,*Department of Computer Science, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, India.

²Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering Roorkee, Roorkee, India.

Over the last decennium, Visual surveillance has become an active research domain for academicians, researchers or industry due to its rapid day by day growing importance in terms of realistic environment. The solutions of the video surveillance are security tools that help us to monitor various things in terms of moving object (i.e. locations, monuments, building, people, etc. In this paper we proposed an efficient method for detection of object using background subtraction technique by enhancing the exiting method. To preserve the shape and removal of noisy pixels some post processing tools were also used. Comparative analysis of our method with considered state-of-the-art method reveals that proposed method shows better outcomes both in terms of qualitative and Quantitative analysis.

Keywords: Video Surveillance, Background Subtraction, Object Detection and Tracking, Pedestrian, Morphology.

Full Paper

Defluroidation of Drinking Water by

Different Techniques

Sangeeta Parihar^1,* and Raina Jadhav²

^1,*Department of Chemistry, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

²Department of Chemistry, IPS Academy Indore, MP, India.

Fluoride has been reported as a health affecting substance by health organization. Fluoride in water may be beneficial and detrimental depending on their concentration and total amount ingested. The permissible limit for of fluoride is 1.0- 1.5 mg/l. Fluoride greater than limit is toxic and is associated with dental fluorosis. The flurosis is caused by oral intake of fluoride when drinking water contain more than the permitted concentration of fluoride. The amount of fluoride is increasing day by day in water samples. So, here in this research paper a comparative study has been done of the water sample containing fluoride is present in the recommended limit or not. The defluoridated is done by the mean of precipitation adsorption or ion exchange method. The comparative result is reported in the research paper.

Keywords: Fluoride, Adsorbent, Fluorosis, Defluoridation Methods.

Full Paper

Electrical Properties of Cadmium Sulphide Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique: A Review

Dr. Vaibhav Jain

HOD and Associate Professer, DAV (PG) College, Bulandshahr, UP, India

In this work I tried to summarize some electrical properties of CdS thin films prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) technique. CBD is very easy and cost effective. I focused on semiconductor type, resistivity and carrier mobility of CdS thin films. There is a good agreement in previous workers for these properties. They agreed that CdS is n type semiconductor and resistivity decreases while carrier mobility increases due to annealing of CdS thin films.

Keywords: Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) technique, Semiconductor type, Resistivity and Carrier mobility.

Full Paper

The Study of Channel Thermal noise in MOSFETs

Dr. V.P. Singh

Associate Professor, D.J. College Baraut, U.P., India.

In the present paper we studied experimentally the channel thermal noise in MOSFETs of short and long channel length at various drain to source voltage (V_ds) and various gate to source voltage (V_gs). We also plot graph between channel thermal noise (S_ID) Vs (V_ds) & channel thermal noise (S_ID) Vs gate to source voltage (V_gs). The result so obtained has good agreement with the theoretical data available in the literature. This proves the validity of our MOSFETs model.

Keywords: Channel thermal noise, MOSFETs model.

Full Paper

The Study of Optical Band Gap of CdI₂ Films

Dr. V.P. Singh

Associate Professor, D.J. College Baraut, U.P., India

In this paper thin film of CdI₂ were grown on glass substrate at room temperature, elevated temperature by thermal evaporation  at a vacuum of about 10^-6 Torr using molybdenum boat. The optical absorption measurements were carried out in UV/VIS region using a (Shimadzu UV-260) spectrometer. The absorption coefficient  is calculated. The thickness of film (t) vs Energy bad gap (Eg) of CdI₂ is studied. Studies show both direct and indirect nature of band gap in conformation with existing theoretically calculated band structure in literature.

Keywords: thermal evaporation, Absorption coefficient, Energy bad gap.

Full Paper

We present the investigations carried out on the effect of temperature on the performance of hydrogen phthalocyanine (H₂Pc)/fullerene (C₆₀) bilayer organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. Prior to these investigations the thicknesses of the active layers were optimised to get the best performance. The optimised device had an efficiency of ~0.5% at 307 ^oK. The investigations on the best device showed that temperature has significant effect on the photovoltaic performance. Short circuit current density (J_sc) and fill factor (FF) decrease while open circuit voltage (V_oc) increases with reduction in temperature. In overall the efficiency first increases and then decreases with reduction in temperature. The reduction in J_sc and FF is because of the temperature dependent electronic properties of the organic materials. We have developed a model which shows that the built in voltage (V_bi) of the devices increases with reduction in temperature. The increment in V_oc with reduction in temperature has been attributed to the increment in V_bi.

Full Paper

MRF-Stimulated Magneto-Superconductivity in Rock Crystals

Pawan Kumar

Associate Prof., Department of Physics, A.S.(P.G.) College, Sikandrabad, India

The geo-rock crystals C₁, C_2, neighbouring coastal regions near Chennai received from Tamil Nadu Minerals Ltd. alongwith HTS Y₁₂₃ were studied under MRF interactions. The insulating character of these materials undergo magnetoconducting phase transition. The oscillatory magnetopotential behaviour under RF excitations are found nearly matching confirming HTS behaviours of geo-matters under appropriate perturbations.

Keywords: Geo-rock crystals, magneto conductivity tensors, MRF interaction.

Full Paper

The High Temperature Superconductor Electronics

Pawan Kumar

Associate Prof., Department of Physics, A.S. (P.G.) College, Sikandrabad, India

The high temperature superconductivity (HTS) is setting a record breaking mile stone in the recent condensed matter physics. Where the microscopic mechanisms leading to pairing at unprecedently high temperatures our hopes lie on superconductivity of cuperates require the review of fundamental principles of the choice of new materials. The reported superconductivity in La-Ba-Cu-O had been retrospected in the electrolytic liquid mixtures in Hall geometry even at room temperatures.

Keywords: High Temperature Superconductors (HTS), Doping, Hall geometry, Superconductivity.

Full Paper

A Review on Systematic Study of Aryl Propionic Acid and Derivatives

Deepika Katariya^1,* and Ajit Joshi²

^1,2Department of Chemistry, Mewar University, Chittorgarh (Rajasthan)

E-mail:deepika.katariya65@gmail.com

In aryl propionic acid most common drugs are ibuprofen, ketoprophen and naproxen. These are available over-the-counter in United States. A consumer report noted that ibuprofen, naproxen, and salsalate are less expensive than other NSAIDs, and essentially as effective and safe when used appropriately to treat osteoarthritis and pain. Ibuprophen (Motrin®, Advil®, Motrin IB®) is considered to be among the safest NSAIDs and is generally well tolerated but can, nevertheless, rarely cause clinically apparent and serious acute liver. Ketoprophen (Orudis,Oruvail) topical plasters are being extensively used for treatment of musculoskeletal pain. Ketoprofen is used for its antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Naproxen (Naprosyn®, Aleve®) is commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions including migraine, osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis and bursitis.

In general, there exists virtually very little difference between the therapeutic efficacy of different NSAIDs, as certain patients would respond to one ‘drug’ better than another. In reality, it is almost difficult to predict the best suitable drug for a patient; thus, it invariably necessitates to arrive at the best-fit-drug via trial and error only. By studying these drugs we can get the knowledge about these drugs like how these drugs are useful and harmful for us.

Keywords: Aryl propionic acid, Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen,Neproxen, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and Inflammation.

Full Paper

Correlation between Average Inter-Atomic Distance and the Thermal Properties of A^IB^IIIC₂^VI Chalcopyrite Crystal Structured Solids

Deepak Sharma^1,*, P. K. Sharma² and Arti Maheshwari³

^1,2 Department of Applied Sciences (Physics), IIMT College of Engineering, Greater Noida, 201306

³ Department of Chemistry, IET, Mangalayatan University, Beswan, Aligarh, India, 202001

^* deepak.shrm1@gmail.com

A striking inter-relation has been evolved for heats of formation determination of ternary chalcopyrite of the type A^IB^IIIC₂^VI. The proposed relation is derived in terms of average inter-atomic distance and melting temperature. A discussion has also been presented among the heats of formation, average inter-atomic distance and melting temperature of these compounds.

Keywords: Chalcopyrite, Average inter-atomic distance, Melting temperature and Heats of formation.

Full Paper

Asset Management Strategy to Improve Substation Performance

Ashish Kumar Singh^1,*, Avinash Sinha² and Deepak Joshi³

^1,2,3 Department of Electrical Engineering, IIMT group of colleges, Gr. Noida, U.P., India

Due to the economic burden imposed by deregulation, utilities are looking at new ways of operating and maintaining their assets. The utilities are concentrating at managing their substation assets. Financial managers try to maximize return-on-investment for each asset; substation maintenance managers try to maximize the value of each task. By minimizing unexpected breakdowns, we maximize return on capital investment. Asset criticality, reliability, and condition assessment plan key roles in helping to manage risk. By conducting reliability cantered maintenance as an overall strategy for critical asset management, a powerful enterprise system, like Meridium, bring together the information from across the enterprise to make effective decisions.

Keywords: RCM (Reliability Centered Maintenance), Deregulation, FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis), PM (Preventive Maintenance) and MTBF (Mean Time between Failure).

Full Paper

The Study of MHD Flow of A Oldroyd B_ Liquid through a Porous Medium between Inclined Parallel Plates

Sharad Kumar Agarwal^1,*, Devesh kumar² and Deepak Chikara³

^1,2,3 Department of Applied Sciences

IIMT College of Engineering, Gr. Noida, U.P., India

MHD flow of a dusty Oldroyd B_ liquid through a porous medium between two parallel plates inclined to the horizon has been studied. The liquid velocity, dust particle velocity and flux of flow have been obtained. Results of several authors have been deduced as particular cases of the present investigation. The physical situation of motion has been discussed.

Keywords: Oldroyd B liquid, Porous medium, Laminar flow.

Full Paper

Synthesis, Characterization & Bioactivity Investigation of New Uranium & Thorium Complexes with Bidentate Schiff Bases as Ligands

Vinod Kumar and Smita Chaturvedi

Department of Chemistry, Agra College, Agra, India

Email: vinodkchem@gmail.com, smitachat15@gmail.com

The UO₂(VI) and Th(IV) complexes with 4-N-(metaphenoxybenzylidene) aminoantiipyrine and 2-N-(metaphenoxybenzylidene)furfurylamine have been synthesized and characterized by physicochemical data. Ligands behave as bidentate towards the metal ions. The integrated ligands and their metal complexes were subjected to antifungal studies. These studies demonstrated the enhanced activity of metal complexes with respect to Schiff bases.

Keywords: Schiff base, Metal Complexes, metaphenoxybenzaldehyde, Furfurylamine Aminoantipyrine, Antifungal studies.

Full Paper

The MRF-Stimulated Quasi-Periodic Superlattice type characteristics in High Temperature Superconductor Bi2212

Pawan Kumar

Associate Prof., Department of Physics, A.S.(P.G.) College, Sikandrabad, India

The electric and magnetoconductivity in HTS Bi₂₂₁₂ have been experimentally observed under magneto-radio-frequency (MRF) excitations. The I-V characteristics, differential conductance dI/dV-V and second derivative d²I/dV²-V plots confirm the resonant tunnelling and the superlattice stimulations in HTS Bi₂₂₁₂  under  MRF perturbations.

Keywords:  HTS Bi_2212, MRF stimulated conductivity, Quasi-Periodic superlattice; resonant tunnelling, differential conductance.

Full Paper

The Magneto-Resistivity Anisotropy in High Temperature Superconductors Bi₂₂₁₂ & Y₁₂₃

 Pawan Kumar

Associate Prof., Department of Physics, A.S.(P.G.) College, Sikandrabad, India

The Characteristic shape of resistivity transitions in HTS under magnetic field interaction is mysterious. The magnetoconductivity tensors σ_xx & σ_xy  in case of Y123 has been computed under radiofrequency excitations 1-6 MHz range at H=8000G [1]. The Bi₂₂₁₂ characteristics curves Hall potential V_H, Hall coefficient R_H and magnetodynamically stimulated density of electrical carriers N_H along with the temporal development of magnetopotential records had been observed to relate the magnetoresistivity [2,3]. The normal resistivity and conductivity of HTS Bi₂₂₁₂ between superconducting transition temperature below 100K to above 300K had been depicted. The localized density of states is observed to create anisopropy and the oscillatory behaviour of all these parameters even at room temperatures [4,5].

Keywords: Magnetoconductivity tensors, Hall geometry, Electrical carrier density.

Full Paper

Crystal Structure of Fullerene C₆₀ & C₇₀ – A Theoretical Approach

Dr. Vaibhav Jain

Associate Professor, Physics Department, DAV (PG) College, Bulandshahr, UP, India.

Crystal structure of fullerene C₆₀ and C₇₀ with the help of Raman Spectra were studied by many scientists earlier. Particularly Raman Spectroscopy is well suited to detect small changes in structural morphology of carbon nano materials making it an indispensable tool for many materials with carbon nanostructures. Structure of fullerene C₆₀ and C₇₀ lead to interesting application possibilities. Derivatives of C₆₀ and C₇₀, such as buckyball clusters, nanotubes, megatubes, polymers, nano onions and fullerene rings have many interesting applications which made fullerenes as an active field of research.

Keywords: Fullerene, Raman Spectra, Buckminsterfullerene.

Full Paper

Improving Child Security using GPS Enabled Identification Card

Dr. Vaibhav Jain

Physics Department, DAV (PG) College, Bulandshahr, UP, India.

The security of children in the country is a measure issue for the future of country. Children’s security can be improved by using a tracking system using Global Positioning System (GPS). In this paper we discussed a tracking system with the student Identity Card, which is GPS enabled with other tracking systems. ID card will be linked to parents mobile by which a parent can find their child’s location anytime from anywhere. Further, this concept can also be extended to implement for the security of employees working in remote areas and working in night.

Key words: Global Positioning System (GPS), ID Card.

Full Paper

Green Route Synthesis of High Quality CdSe Quantum Dots

Anil Kumar Malik

Department of Physcs, Multanimal Modi College Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.

e-mail: anilkmalik@gmail.com

Cadmium precursors with acetylacetonate, less toxic than Me₂Cd give one-step synthesis procedure for CdSe quantum dots (QDs). Powder X-ray diffraction shows hexagonal structure of QDs. TEM and HRTEM images of QDs reveal that they are almost mono disperse and size is of the order of  5 nm. It is observed that the precursor and reaction time affect size. The size of QDs increases with reaction time. The temporal growth was monitored by UV−Vis spectroscopy (up to 20 min).

Keywords: Cadmium selenide, X-ray diffraction, Temporal growth.

Full Paper

Nanotechnology: The Multidisciplinary Technology – A Review

Dr. Anita Pawar

Associate Prof. & Head of Botany Department

N.R.E.C. College, Khurja, U.P. India.

Nanotechnology has been defined as relating to material, system and processes which operate at a scale of 100 nm or less. It has interdisciplinary approaches. Nanotechnology has potential to change the entire scenario of the present food industry and agriculture with the help of nano-based technology.  Environmental pollution is threat to the world’s environment, many nano based eco-friendly tools has developed which can reduce the pollution and clean-up the existing pollutant. Nano is also playing important role in the field of medical science and veterinary science.

Key words: Nanotechnology, Food industry, Nano-particles.

 Full Paper

Impact of Urban Air Pollution on Epidermal Traits of Amaranthus viridis Growing along the Road Side

Dr. Anita Pawar

Associate Prof. & Head of Botany Department

N.R.E.C. College, Khurja, U.P. India.

The present paper deals with the study of the impact of urban air pollution on epidermal traits. The light microscopic studies of Amaranthus viridis leaves showed marked alteration in the micromorphological parameters. Increase in the number of epidermal cells was recorded in the samples of polluted area on both upper & lower surface of leaf. But decline was noticed in stomatal frequency, dimensions of stomata and stomatal Index in stressed area leaf samples on both the surfaces. These parameters are useful as indicators of environmental stress or pollution.

Keywords: Epidermal traits, Amaranthus viridis, Stomatal frequency, Stomatal index.

Full Paper

Auto Exhaust Pollution Induced Alteration in Leaf Morphology of Some Common Road Side Plants

Dr. Anita Pawar

Associate Prof. & Head of Botany Department

N.R.E.C. College, Khurja, U.P. India.

Present paper deals with the Auto exhaust induced changes in leaf morphology of some common road side plants. The study was conducted in city Ghaziabad, three sites were selected- HPA (Highly polluted area), MPA (Medium polluted area), FA (Fresh area). Five plants – Ricinus communis (Arandi), Amaranthus viridis (chauli), Cassia obtusifolia (chakunda), Withania somnifera (ashvagandha), Calotropis procera (madar). The parameters examined were leaf length, breadth and area. Decline was recorded in the parameters considered for the study of the leaf samples collected from polluted areas. These alterations can be considered as indicators of auto exhaust pollution.

Keywords: Auto exhaust, Leaf morphology, Highly polluted area (HPA), Medium polluted area MPA, Fresh area (FA).

Full Paper

Prevalence and Antibiotic Sensitivity ofEnterococcus sp. from Mobile Phones of Doctors and Nurses

Tuhi Ram^1,* and Dr. Mukta Sharma²

^1,*Research Scholor, Medical Microbiology, Singhania University, Distt. Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India.

²Professor & Head, Department of Microbiology, SBB Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre Ghaziabad, U.P., India.

Mobile phone may facilitate frequent transmission of bacterial isolates from one person to another. The telephone and computer accessories are well known objects for the spread of infectious agents to healthy or immunocompromised individuals not only in hospitals but also in community. The total of 472 swab samples of mobile phone from hospital personnel were collected and studied for the presence of pathogens. The total bacterial growth obtained from mobile samples was 98.7% (466/472), from hospital population, whereas Enterococcus sp. prevalence was 13.9% (65/466), the growth of Enterococcus sp. isolated from mobile phones of doctors was 14.2% (14/98) and from nurses mobile phones it was 11.4% (17/149) whereas from health care workers it was 13.4% (53/393) and non health care it was 16.4% (12/73). The antibiotic sensitivity of Enterococcus sp. was found resistant all antibiotics except cloxacillin (100%), co-trimoxazole (55.3%) and gentamicin (52.3%).      

Keywords: Enterococcus sp. antibiotic sensitivity, nosocomial infection and mobile phones.

Full Paper

Study to Assess Antimicrobial Susceptibility ofStaphylococcus sp. from Mobile phone users in Hospital Population

Tuhi Ram^1,* and Dr. Mukta Sharma²

^1,*Research Scholor, Medical Microbiology, Singhania University, Distt. Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India.

²Professor & Head, Department of Microbiology, SBB Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre Ghaziabad, U.P., India.

Mobile phones may act as a reservoir of pathogen which in turn may cause significant loss in the form of morbidity and mortality. The distribution pattern of pathogens varies with sampling site and also depends on mode of transmission. The organisms isolated from cell phones causes many infections. But some organisms developed resistance against some antibiotics. The total of 472 swab samples of mobile phone from hospital personnel were collected and studied for the presence of pathogens. Bacterial growth was obtained from 98.7% (466/472) of the mobile phones from hospital population. Staphylococcus sp. showed maximum growth 63.7% (297/466), Staphylococcus sp. was observed resistant to six antibiotics out of twelve antibiotics that we check, while it was sensitive to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin (96.2%), roxithromycin, tetracycline and pefloxacin (93.6%) and gentamicine (54.8%).

Keywords: Staphylococcus sp., Antibiotic sensitivity of Staphylococcus.

Full Paper

Syngas as An Alternative Fuel Used in Internal Combustion Engines: A Review

Anushka Pradhan¹, Prashant Baredar², Anil Kumar^3,*

¹Research Scholar, Energy Centre, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India.

²Associate Professor, Energy Centre, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India.

^3,*Post Doctoral Fellow, Energy Tech., Research Center, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.

Among the various renewable energy sources, synthesis gas (syngas) offers a promising opportunity for sustainable development in the energy and transportation sectors. Syngas can provide an economically viable solution, in the areas where the price of petroleum and diesel fuels are high, or where supplies are unreliable. This paper contains the information regarding the effect of particle size, and the moisture content of feedstock on the quality of producer gas. Coupling of syngas to the internal combustion engines (ICEs) is a feasible technology for the generation of heat and power on a small scale. Here, effect of syngas addition on performance of a spark ignition (SI) engine and compression ignition (CI) engine is also studied. This review also presents combustion features like calorific value, laminar flame velocity and flammability limits of syngas and its effects on the combustion in an internal combustion engines.

Keywords: Synthesis Gas (Syngas), Internal combustion engine, Calorific value, Laminar flame speed, Flammability limits.

 Full Paper

Impact of Static Magnetic Field & Varying Electromagnetic Field upon Resistance of CdS Thin Film

Dr. Vaibhav Jain

Assistant Professor, DAV (PG) College, Bulandshahr, UP, India.

In the present study we take CdS thin film of thickness t = 0.21 µm, Resistance of CdS thin film is measured in the magnetic field range 0.1T to 0.6 T with 0.1T steps and in the frequency range 2-8 MHz in the 1 MHz steps. The observed experimental data showed that resistance remain constant with change in strength of Magnetic field but it decreases as frequency of Electromagnetic field increases.

Keywords: Magnetic field, Electromagnetic field.

Full Paper

Study of Geometrical Parameters of Substituted Benjoquinones and Phenols by Density Functional Theory: A review

Vinita Garg

Department of Chemistry

D.N. (P.G.) College, Gulaothi, Bulandshahr, U.P., India.

Density functional theory is a quantum mechanical modeling method used to investigate the electronic structure of many body systems. In the present review different parameters of substituted benjoquinone compounds and phenol compounds are taken. FT-IR, FT- Raman spectra etc. of these compounds are recorded and the structural and spectroscopic data of these compounds in the ground state have been calculated by using Hatree- Fock and Density functional methods. On the basis of agreement between calculated and experimental results of the fundamental vibrational modes. I concluded that density functional theory gives good explanation.

Keyword: Density functional theory (DFT), FT- IR and FT-Raman spectra, Hatree Fock theory, Vibrational modes.

Full Paper

Effect of Solvents and Substituents on the Fluorescence Behaviour of Coumarin Dye Lasers

Rajesh Giri

Department of Physics and Electronics

Rajdhani College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.

In order to investigate the effect of solvents and substituents on the fluorescence behaviour of coumarin derivatives the absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of 4–phenyl substituted coumarins namely: 4-phenyl-7-hydroxy coumarin (1), 4-phenyl-7-methoxy coumarin (2), 4-phenyl-6-hydroxy-7-methoxy coumarin (3), 4-pheny-6,7-dimethoxy  coumarin (4) and 4-phenyl-6,7-dihydroxy coumarin (5) have been studied in various organic solvents of varying dipole moment. It was found that in a given solvent the position of the absorption and fluorescence maxima depends on the nature and position of the additional substituent group linked to the 4-phenyl coumarin and the wavelengths shifts obtained are interpreted in terms of the changes in the mobility of π electrons. From the fluorescence emission spectra of the present coumarins it was found that the 4-phenyl coumarins are less fluorescent and show a smaller change in polarity on excitation as compared to the corresponding 3- henyl derivatives. These changes are interpreted in terms of the possible resonance structures of the coumarin derivatives.

Keywords: Fluorescence, Dipole moment, Resonance structures.

Full Paper

A Survey of Road Side Flora Growing Under Stress of Auto Exhaust Pollution in City Ghaziabad

Dr. Anita  Pawar

Asst. Prof. Department of  Botany.

N.R.E.C College, Khurja  U.P., India.

This paper deals with the survey of different plants growing along the road side in the stressed conditions of auto-exhaust  pollution in city Ghaziabad. These are generally herbs, shrubs and trees. Some of them are wild species many of them are economically important. Due to auto-exhaust pollution some of them suffer from visible injuries and have adverse effect on growth. Even some plant species are found comparatively resistant to these stressed conditions of auto-exhaust pollution.

Keywords: Auto-exhaust, Pollution, Herb, Shrub, Tree.

Full Paper

On the Fluorescence Quenching of Substituted Coumarins

Rajesh Giri

Department of Physics and Electronics

Rajdhani College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.

In the present work the effect of different concentration of halide quenchers (Cl^–, Br^–, I^–) on  4-methyl-5-ethoxy-7-methoxy coumarin (1) and 4-methyl-5,7-diethoxy  coumarin (2) in aqueous solutions have been carried out at 20⁰ temperature. It was observed that the fluorescence intensity of these coumarin derivatives decrease with increase in the concentration of the quenchers except Cl^– quencher. Further, it was observed that the quenching due to halide ions proceeds via both a diffusional and static quenching process. The rate constants for diffusional as well as static component of quenching process have been calculated using modified Stern–Volmer relation. From the observed data it was found that I^– ion has very high quenching ability than Br^– ion and Cl^– ion behaves almost like a non-quencher. It was interpreted in terms of the sphere of action model by showing that the value of radius of sphere of action of the halide ion quencher is greater than the sum of the radii of the respective coumarin and quencher. Consequently, the order of the quenching ability of the halide quencher was found to be as I^–>Br^–>Cl^– and interestingly this is in the same order as of the ionizing energy of these halide ions. The present quenching process has been attributed to the electron transfer resulting between the colliding species.

Keywords: Halide quenchers, Coumarin derivatives, Stern–Volmer relation.

Full Paper

An Experimental Study of Aerodynamic Drag on the Body of Road Vehicle

Dr. Vakkar Ali

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Majmaah University, K.S.A.

Any moving object through a fluid experiences a force in the direction opposite to the motion which is due to the pressure difference and shear forces on the surface of the object. If we resolve the resultant force in the direction of flow and normal to flow then there are termed as aerodynamic drag force, aerodynamic lift force respectively. If aerodynamic drag acting on the automobiles or aero planes is less, then it will consume a lesser power resulting in less fuel consumption. In the present proposed study we have look after practical aspect of an model of automobile car, (Maruti Esteem). For practical approach, we have to analyze the available model to see the factors, which may reduce drag force on the surface of the moving body. In the present work drag force is calculated on the body of car model experimentally on the basis of our findings drag force is directly proportional to the angle of wind screen, velocity, surface, and fluid viscosity.

Keywords: Aerodynamic drag force, Aerodynamic lift force.

Full Paper

Prevalence and Biochemical Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from some River/Canal Bank Water Sources, Door of Transport Vehicles and Shop Counters of Western UP and Uttrakhand area in India

A.S. Shishodia^1,*, Dr. Ajit Joshi² and Dr. Mukta Sharma³

^1,*Research Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Mewar University, Chittorgarh (Raj.) India.

¹Assistant Prof., Department of Microbiology, Mewar University, Chittorgarh (Raj.) India.

³Department of Microbiology, S.B.B. Dental College & Research Centre, Ghaziabad, India.

Aim of the present study is prevalence and biochemical characterization of bacteria isolated from some River/Canal bank water sources, door of transport vehicles and shop-counters. Water samples from river/canal bank water sources and swab samples from door of transport vehicles and shop-counters were collected and analyzed for the load of pathogenic microorganism and possible disease potentials of these sources to prevent possible disease outbreak for the inhabitants. The results of study presents water samples collected from River/Canal bank contains the total aerobic bacterial counts ranged between 21×10⁵ to 16.6×10⁶ per ml, while on the door and seat handles of public transport vehicles and frequent public use shop counters the total bacterial counts ranged between 18×10⁴ to 17.5×10⁵ and 21×10⁴ to 11.3×10⁵, respectively. All of these were within the range of a high risk specified by WHO. In addition, There was a high correlation between water isolates with fecal isolates of different sources both in their culture characteristics as well as biochemical profiling which implies that the different sources might have been contaminated with mixed contaminants instigate from human as well as animal excreta. Forestalling of deterioration of water quality and pathogenic diseases transmission to humans via contaminated and improperly cleaned surfaces require community health superintendents, sanitary officers and Environmental Protection Board as well as private organizations to educate the population on personal and environmental hygiene.

Key Words: River/Canal bank water, Shop counters, Bacterial contamination.

Full Paper

Electrical Resistivity and Magnetic Susceptibility of 10% Pr-Doped YBa₂Cu₃O_7-X At High Temperatures

Dr. Pawan Kumar¹ and Dr. Vaibhav Jain^2,*

¹Department of Physics, A.S. College, Sikandrabad, Bulandshahr, UP,  India.

^2,*Department of Physics, D.A.V.(P.G.) College, Bulandshahr, UP,  India.

A reversible transition was observed at around 650^°C in both dc electrical resistivity (ρ) and dc magnetic susceptibility (χ) measurements. The transition was characterized by a shoulder-like increment in the p-T curve and a sudden change in the temperature gradient of χ, which is interpreted as the orthorhombic-to-tetragonal transition.

Keywords: Electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, phase transition.

Full Paper

Comparative Efficacy of Anthelmintic Resistance in Goat in Sylhet, Bangladesh

Dr. Suman Kumar Singh^1,*, Prof. Dr. Md. Rafiqul Islam² and Dr. Md. Tanvir Hasan³

^1,*Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh. Email : modern_suman@yahoo.com

²Chairman, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh.

³Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh.

A study is conducted to determine and compare the efficacy of different anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats in Sylhet goverment goat development farm. About 60 male goats are divided into four groups of 15 animals each: the 1st group served as the untreated control, the 2nd was treated with albendazole, the 3rd with levamisole and the 4th with ivermectin. Faecal samples are collected on day 0 before treatment and again day on 12 post treatment. Efficacy for each anthelmintic is determined by the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT). About 100% efficacy against strongyle and Trichuris sp. is recorded in goats treated with albendazole and ivermectin. On the contrary, low efficacy of 86.7% is observed in goats treated with levamisol. Likewise, low efficacy of 66.7%, 40% and 46.7% against Moniezia sp. is recorded in goats treated with albendzole, levamisol and ivermectin, respectively. Coprocultures from all both pre and post-treatment samples revealed the pre-dominance of Haemonchus sp. The results of the study showed the presence of inverse relationship between the body condition score and their respective mean EPG (R² = 0.99), suggesting the negative effect of parasitic load on the performance of goats. A questionnaire survey conducted to gather information on methods of control practices of nematodes of goats revealed lack of basic awareness among owners of goats about the best use and efficacy of anthelmintics. In addition, it indicated that farmers in the study area apply many practices that may lower the efficacy of anthelmintics and favor the emergence of anthelmintic resistance. Benzimidazoles group of anthelmintics were reported to be used at the most frequency followed by imidazothiazoles and the avermectins are used at lowest frequency.

Keywords: Anthelmintics, Gastrointestinal nematodes, Albendazole, Levamisol, Ivermectin, Faec`al Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), Strongyle and Trichuris sp., Moniezia sp., Haemonchus sp.

Full Paper

Identification and Diagnostic Procedure of Gastrointestinal Nematode Egg Based on EPG Method on Cattle, Sylhet, Bangaladesh

Dr. Md. Tanvir Hasan^1,*, Dr. Suman kumar Singh² and Prof. Dr. Md. Rafiqul Islam³

^1,*DVM, MS in Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh. Email: hasan.tanvir27@gmail.com

²DVM, MS in Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh. Email: modern_suman@yahoo.com

 ³Chairman, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh. Email:dr.rafiqsau@gmail.com

A study was conducted to determine Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) egg count in faeces based on McMaster technique (EPG method) in naturally infected cattle around Sylhet Agricultural University. About 60 cattle were selected and divided into three groups of 20 animals each: the 1^st group was treated with albendazole, the 2^nd group was treated with levamisole and the 3^rd with ivermectin. Faecal samples were collected on day 0 before treatment and again day on 12 post treatment. Pre Treatment Mean EPG±SE for albendazole group was 850±18.137, levamisole group was 650±22.064 and ivermectin group was 550±16.623. After post treatment we got Mean EPG±SE for albendazole group was 100±8.885, levamisole group was 50±8.885 and ivermectin group was 200±17.770. After treatment with albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin it reduced EPG count significantly (p<0.001). Further detailed investigations are necessary to clarify the current status in different agro ecology, species of animals and management systems.

Keywords: Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN), McMaster Technique (EPG Method).

Full Paper

The Prevalence of Clinical Diseases in Dogs of Sylhet Sadar, Bangladesh

Dr. Suman Kumar Singh^1,*, Prof. Dr. Md. Rafiqul Islam² and Dr. Md. Tanvir Hasan³

^1,*Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh. Email : modern_suman@yahool.com

²Chairman, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh.

³Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh.

A case control study is conducted to ascertain the prevalence of Dog diseases of 511 pet dogs presented to the Sylhet Veterinary Hospital and Veterinary clinics of Sylhet Agricultural University, during the one year period from June 2013 – June 2014. 7 categories were recorded in these pet dogs and their variation in prevalence was analyzed on the basis of age and sex. Age wise prevalence included, at the age of 0-6 months Canine Parvovirus Infection/Canine Parvovirus Enteritis (CPV) (33.33%), Canine Distemper or Hard Pad Disease (CD) (5.69%), Rabies (4.88%), Infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) (5.69%), Tetanus (4.06%), Skin Diseases (35.77%), Gastro Intestinal Parasites (8.94%). At 7-12 months CPV (37.67%), CD (6.16%), Rabies (5.48%), ICH (4.11%), Tetanus (4.79%), Skin Diseases (31.50%), Gastro Intestinal Parasites (8.22%). At the age above 12 months CPV (11.16%), CD (5.37%), Rabies (19.00%), ICH (10.33%), Tetanus (7.02%), Skin Diseases (9.50%), Gastro Intestinal Parasites (14.46%). Sex wise prevalence included, in female disease prevalence of CPV (21.39%), CD (6.47%), Rabies (7.46%), ICH (6.97%), Tetanus (5.47%), Skin Diseases (22.88%), Gastro Intestinal Parasites (13.93%) and, in male disease prevalence of CPV (25.80%), CD (5.16%), Rabies (14.51%), ICH (7.74%), Tetanus (5.80%), Skin Diseases (21.61%), Gastro Intestinal Parasites (9.68%). The prevalence of the diseases of one year study period from high to low rates included- CPV (24.07%), Skin Diseases (22.11%), Rabies (11.74%), Gastro Intestinal Parasites (11.35%), ICH (7.44%), CD (5.67%) and Tetanus (5.67%).

Keywords: Canine Parvovirus Infection/Canine Parvovirus Enteritis (CPV), Canine Distemper or Hard Pad Disease (CD), Infectious canine hepatitis (ICH).

Full Paper

Biochemical consideration of HsCRP as a bond cursor to metabolic Syndrome

Himanshu Tyagi^1,*, Vishal Modgil² and Shashank Tyagi³

^1,*Ph.D. Scholar, Medical Biochemistry, Singhania University(Raj), India.

²Department of Medicine,  Shivalik Hospital, Ghaziabad, India.

³Muzaffarnagar  Medical College, India.

Metabolic syndrome has generated a great deal of interest in recent years for researchers in India. The role of the acute phase protein Hs-CRP as a link marker to Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in Indians is significant. Whose plasma concentration increases by 25% or more during inflammatory disorders.  Studies have shown that elevated level of this protein can lead to an increased risk of hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) as well as metabolic syndrome. The MetS is a clustering of components that reflect over nutrition, sedentary lifestyles and resultant excess adiposity. Metabolic Syndrome is posing a major public health challenge to the health systems in developed and developing countries.  This study is an attempt to see the role of biochemical markers such as High Sensitive C reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) & Blood glucose in Metabolic Syndrome in study cases of Indian population.  The 405 study subjects aged between 25-65 yrs from general population in Ghaziabad (U.P), India, were taken, who attended the hospital for general checkup. HsCRP, Lipid profile and Blood Glucose of subjects were evaluated. On application of ATP 3^rd criteria on the screened subject patients, they are classified. Our study found that the number of subjects having MetS was 173 (42.71% of total). In the subgroup of metabolic syndrome with diabetes, the total number of subjects was 105 (25.92%) in which age wise distribution was 26 (6.41%) in 25-45 yrs and 79 (19.50%) in 45-65 yrs. In the second subgroup of metabolic syndrome without diabetes total number of subjects was 68 (16.79%) in which age wise distribution was 16 (3.95%) in 25-45 yrs and 52 (12.83%) in 45-65 yrs. The study proposes the inclusion of biochemical parameter HsCRP in the criteria for defining cases of metabolic syndrome, so that more metabolic syndrome cases can be picked up at earliest. This issue is especially pertinent for the Indian patient population in whom cardiovascular disease is becoming increasingly common in both sexes and in age group of 25-65 yrs. There should be emphasis on detection of metabolic syndrome and intensification of targeted preventive strategies. In this study; there is strong evidence that Hs-CRP should be included in the case definition criteria or diagnostic criteria of Metabolic Syndrome. The study proposes the inclusion of biochemical parameter Hs-CRP in the criteria for defining cases of metabolic syndrome in Indians. So that more cases of Metabolic Syndrome can be picked up at earliest.

Keywords: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), High Sensitive C reactive Protein (Hs-CRP).

Full Paper

Maintaining the Environmental Flow Requirement’s of a River to sustain It’s Ecological Balance: A Challenge

Lt. Col. Manish Kothari

M.Tech (IInd year), WRD & M Department, IIT, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.

Water has been over-exploited by the human society, which has not only drained the vital river resources but has also exhausted of the ancient aquifers that are hard to replenish. The flows of the world’s rivers are increasingly being modified through impoundments such as dams and weirs, abstractions for agriculture and urban water supply, drainage return flows, maintenance of flows for navigation, and structures for flood control. These interventions have caused significant alteration of flow regimes mainly by reducing the total flow and affecting the regime and seasonality of flows. It is estimated that more than 60 % of the world’s rivers are fragmented by hydrological alterations.

Environmental flows describe the quantity, quality and timing of water flows required to sustain riverine ecosystems and the human livelihoods that is dependent on these ecosystems.

It is a great challenge for water manager’s to account for natural differences in flow regime among rivers, understanding the importance of environment flow for the protection of freshwater biodiversity, estuarine ecosystems and maintenance of services that rivers provide. In the absence of detailed information of environmental flow requirements for rivers, it is proposed that a generic approach to be ascertained that incorporates key aspects of natural flow regime for the rivers, which can be validated with empirical biological data and other information. It is assumed that such approach can narrow up the gap between simple hydrological “guidelines” and more comprehensive “environmental flow requirements”.

Keywords: Environmental flow, Riverine ecosystem, Estuarine ecosystem.

Full Paper

Dielectric and Magnetic Study of CNTs-Fe₃O₄ Composites

Annveer^1,* and  Ritu²

¹Assistant Professor, Physics Dept., N.R.E.C. (PG) College, Khurja (Bulandshahr), UP, India.

²S.S.V. (PG) College, Hapur, UP, India.

A comparative study of dielectric and magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ and CNTs-Fe₃O₄ composite has been reported in paper. In this, CNTs-Fe₃O₄ composites have been prepared by dispersing the CNTs in ionic (Fe⁺²/Fe⁺³, in 1:2) solution via chemical co-precipitation route. The dielectric properties of composites have been investigated in 10¹-10⁶ Hz frequency range. The saturation magnetization (M_s) of CNTs-Fe₃O₄ composite is reduced. The dielectric permittivity of composites with increasing weight fraction of CNTs is also reduced which may be due to the space polarization of charges accumulated via conducting channels of CNTs.

Keyword: Composite materials, Chemical vapour deposition (CVD), Magnetic materials, Magnetic properties, Dielectric properties.

Full Paper

Generalized Hypergeometric Forms of Some Elliptic Type Integrals

Nadeem Ahmad

Department of Bio sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia nagar, New Delhi, India.

The study of elliptic type integrals has been important due to their applications in certain problems involving computations of radiation field. In an arbitrary angular distribution law the radiation field off axis from a circular disc radiated. In this paper I have developed some generalized hypergeometric forms of elliptic type integrals in complete and incomplete integrals.

Keywords: elliptic type integrals, complete elliptic type integrals, incomplete elliptic type integrals.

Full Paper

To Assess the Quality of Groundwater and its Implication on Human Health in Niwai Tehsil, Tonk, Rajasthan, India

Bhagwan Sahai Yadav^1,* and Dr. Abha Garg²

^1,*Research Scholar, Dr. K.N. Modi University, Niwai, Tonk, Rajasthan, India

²Professor, Dr. K.N. Modi University, Niwai, Tonk, Rajasthan, India

There is a severe fluoride problem is Niwai Tehsil of Tonk district. Populaces are suffering from dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis. So that physico-chemical study of 80 villages was done. The ground water samples collected in clean polyethylene bottles were analyzed for different parameters such as pH, Total Alkalinity, Fluoride (F^–), Nitrate (NO₃^–), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Chloride (Cl^–), Total Hardness (TH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Ca-H, Mg-H by using standard techniques. Results showed that fluoride was found even up to the alarming limit of 14.62ppm. Minimum (1.10ppm) and maximum (14.62ppm) concentration of Fluoride was observed from Khendewat and Seepura villages respectively.

Key words: Dental fluorosis, Skeletal fluorosis, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).

Full Paper

Recovering Lead Metal from Lak Mine Lead Concentrate by Ferric Chloride Leaching

Dr. Ezatollah Mozaffari^1,*, Majid Mohseni² and Elham Abaie³

^1,*Assistant Prof., Imam Khomeini International University, University Blvd., Qazvin, Iran

^2,3Research Scholar, Imam Khomeini International University, University Blvd., Qazvin, Iran

Lead concentrate from Lak lead mine in Iran was processed via leaching method. In this method some of the undesirable conditions such as long term melting and roasting and sulfur gas emission prevailing in the conventional pyrometallurgical lead extraction method are omitted. Therefore, it is more environmentally friendly to produce lead by leaching method. The use of ferric chloride and sodium chloride as leaching reagents at various temperatures was examined. It has been shown that 99.8% lead and 82.2% silver can be extracted from sulfide concentrates. According to this research, the optimum conditions for Lak mine concentrate are: Ferric Chloride: 45gm/lit, Sodium Chloride: 200gm/lit. temperature: 70^°C and the leaching time: between 9 to 12 minutes.

Keywords: Leaching method, Sulfur emission, Lead concentrate.

Full Paper

Prevalence of Wasting in Children under the Age of Five Years in Fazilka in Punjab

Dr. Anil Gupta

Reader, Deptt. of Biochem., Eklavya Dental College & Hospital, Kotputli, Rajasthan, India.

Today, malnutrition in children is the key issue of the world. Children below the age of five years constitute about 13% of the population in india. This health problem has high occurrence in the children in developing countries. The study was executed in city Fazilka, in Punjab, encompassed total 440 children, selected through random, multistage sampling technique. Study displayed overall prevalence of (13%) ‘wasting’ in children under age of five years, along with differential prevalence of 11% (27/240), 15% (20/127), 15% (11/73) ‘wasting’ in children in Schools, Anganwadi and Slum areas correspondingly.

Keywords:  Malnutrition, Wasting.

Full Paper

Electrical Properties of BiFeO₃ – BaTiO₃ Ceramics

S. Shankar¹ and Manish Kumar^2, *

¹ Department of Physics, ARSD college, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.

^2,* Department of Ceramic Engineering, IIT, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

BiFeO₃– BaTiO₃ ceramicshave been synthesized via solid state reaction method. The X-ray studies of structural parameters reveal that BiFeO₃– BaTiO₃ (BFO-BT) solid solutions undergo structural transformations from rhombhohedral to cubic system. The unit cell dimensions increases with higher doping of higher ionic radii dopant (BT). The electrical properties for different composition x=0.10,0.15 and 0.30 in (1-x)BFO-xBT ceramics were studied in the frequency range 1kHz-1MHz at room temperature. It is found that the BFO with higher BT concentrations show higher electrical resistivity as well as capacitance. The decrease in electrical resistance and capacitance has been observed with the increase of frequency of the applied field. The larger dispersion in resistivity is due to dominance of intra-well hopping over inter-well hopping indicating a strong dependence of material properties on BT doping.

Keywords: Capacitance. Resistivity. X-ray diffraction. SEM.

Full Paper

Mascot of Wetland: Cranes

Sulakshana Darapuri

Research Scholar, Department of Zoology, Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India.

The Cranes are among the most ancient and distinctive families of bird on earth. At present there are approximately 15 species of Cranes whereas the fossil record includes at least 17 extinct species. No Crane’s species has been extinct within record history since 1600. For thousands of years the Hindu people of India have revered Cranes. The length positioning of the trachea are critical features of Cranes anatomy and shape the distinctive voices of the various species. All species of Crane dance. Wary residents of wetlands and grasslands, Cranes have also long symbolised natural grandeur and the special quality of wild places. Like many other species of wild life, Cranes have also been subjected to pressure of human population growth and development. The population is declined for various species of Crane have been attributed mainly to loss of habitats and persecution by humans. Under the new categories eleven of the fifteen species are likely to be listed as Threatened (which includes the categories Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable) by the International Union Conservation of Nature and Natural resources (IUCN). A number of captive breeding centres are being established in various countries for the endangered Cranes.

Keywords: Cranes, trachea, Wetland, International Union Conservation of Nature and Natural resources (IUCN).

Full Paper

The Quality of Groundwater in Jaipur Region with Emphasis to Fluoride Concentration

Bhagwan Sahai Yadav^1,* and Dr. Abha Garg²

^1,*Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, Dr. K. N. Modi University, Newai, Tonk, Rajasthan, India.

²Professor, Department of Chemistry, Dr. K. N. Modi University, Newai, Tonk, Rajasthan, India.

The problem of high fluoride in groundwater is one of the most important health related geo-environmental issue. It is beneficial up to certain limits but excess intake (i.e. >1.5mg/L) may cause fluorosis. Fluoride in groundwater was studied in Sanganer tehsil of Jaipur district. 18 villages were under surveillance. Groundwater samples were periodically collected and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters including Fluoride (F^–), pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), total hardness, Calcium (Ca²⁺), Chloride (Cl^–) and alkalinity. The analytical results revealed considerable variations in the chemical composition of water samples. Fluoride concentration varies from 0.20 to 6.45 mg/L.

Keywords: Water quality, Fluoride, Fluorosis.

Full Paper

Strongly NA – Continuous Mappings

Vinshu^1,*, Dr. Bhopal Singh Sharma² and Arvind Kumar³

^1,*Research Scholar, Department of Mathematics, N.R.E.C. College, Khurja, UP, India.

²Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, N.R.E.C. College, Khurja, UP, India.

³Research Scholar, Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.

This paper introduces a new class of mappings, namely, strongly na-continuous mappings. This class lies properly between the class of super I-continuous mappings and the class of strongly continuous mappings due to Levine. Some characterizations and basic properties of these mappings are obtained. The relationships among these mappings and some other stronger forms of continuity are also investigated.

Keywords: θ – closure, semi-open, semi-interior, strongly na-continuous and feebly open.

Full Paper

The MRF Perturbative Conduction Processes in 10% Pr-Doped HTS Y₁₂₃

Pawan Kumar

Associate Prof., Department of Physics, A.S. (P.G.) College, Sikandrabad, India

The 10% Pr-doped HTS Y₁₂₃ synthesized using conventional solid state reaction methods in compressed pellets with 4 – probe Hall geometry were employed for studying the MRF stimulated conduction processes with desired T_c shifts towards room T side in these materials.

Keywords: High Temperature Superconductors (HTS), Doping, Superconductivity.

Full Paper

Recognition of 2-D Optical Pattern by using Simulated Annealing Algorithm

Dr. Pawan Kumar

Associate Prof., Department of Physics, A.S. (P.G.) College, Sikandrabad, India

A classical optical correlator cannot give better performance in the recognition process when the input has different scale and orientation with respect to reference image. Correlation performance can be improved using techniques such as Mellin transforms for scale invariance, circular harmonic expansion for rotation-invariance and synthetic discriminant function for scale and rotation invariances. In the present study, a bipolar composite filter (BCF) is design using simulated annealing algorithm. It can be a rotation-invariant or scale invariant or both depending on one’s choice. In the present study, it is constructed for out of scale pattern recognition it is noticed that BCF offers high discrimination capability for targets and anti-target patterns.

Keywords: Correlation, Bipolar Composite Filter (BCF), Pattern recognition.

Full Paper

Variation in Hall Coefficient with E-M Field of ZnTe Thin Film prepared by vacuum evaporation

Dr. Vaibhav Jain

Deptt. of Physics, D.A.V.(P.G.) College, Bulandshahr, UP, India.

Thin film of ZnTe was prepared by vacuum evaporation method. The variation in Hall coefficient R_H of prepared thin film was recorded with electromagnetic field of different frequencies (2-20 MHz at 2 MHz, steps) and of 5mV, and l0mV amplitudes. The statistical analysis of obtained data was done by R-software which showed that the value of Hall coefficient decreases significantly with increment in frequency of E-M field.

Keywords: Vacuum evaporation method, Hall coefficient, R-software.

Full Paper

The Detection of Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria especially those Producing Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL)

Over the last few decades, β-lactams are the most widely used and favored antimicrobials worldwide, because of their efficacy, broad spectra and low toxicity. They inhibit the bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are the enzymes that catalyze the final cross-linking of the bacterial cell wall polymer, peptidoglycan. However, due to heavy use of β-lactams antibiotics, bacteria developed various mechanism of resistance. Modification or substitution of the PBPs is important mechanism in gram-positive cocci, while production of β-lactamases is main cause of resistance among gram-negative bacilli. Mostly plasmid harbors the resistance gene and therefore, is crucial in disseminating resistance into previously susceptible species. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s there was a relentless rise in reports of resistance to β-lactams as a consequence of the selection of bacteria that produce β-lactamases.

Keywords: Penicillin-Binding Protein (PBP), β-lactams antibiotics, Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative bacilli.

Full Paper

Fabrication of Organic Light Emitting Diodes on Nano-structured Indium Tin Oxide

We have fabricated Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) on nano-structured indium tin oxide films. The enhancement in extraction efficiency by a factor of 30% was found comparable to other expansive techniques for the fabrication of indium tin oxide layer. The electroluminescence spectra at viewing angles from normal to the substrates up to 60⁰ off normal remain almost unchanged and does not show the angle dependence observed for other extraction efficiency enhancement techniques. The emission spectrum was also found to be stable with time for these OLEDs. The spectral uniformity with angle and time with enhanced extraction efficiency and cheap deposition technique could be of great interest for the application of down converted OLED.

Keywords: Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs), Electroluminescence (EL) spectra.

Full Paper

Modeling and Simulation of a Grid Interactive Photovoltaic Power Plant

This paper presents a simulation model of the electrical part of a grid interactive photovoltaic system. The model contains a detailed representation of the main components of the system that are the solar array, 3 phase inverter and LC filter inverter control circuit and load. A proper control of the DC/AC inverter is developed in order to synchronize the system to the grid. The grid interface inverter transfers the energy drawn from the photovoltaic (PV) array into the grid by keeping common DC coupling voltage constant. This research paper also focuses on the different PV technologies (amorphous silicon, polycrystalline) and their effect to the system in terms of energy output. A simulation model has been developed with the help of mathematical equations and its output has been verified with working solar PV plant. This paper can be useful for the PV power plant designers to analyze the output of the power plant by using the simulation model. This model is a simplified approach of the system’s individual modules.

Keywords: Grid interface inverter, PV array, Solar PV Plant.

Full Paper

River/Canal Bank Water in Terms of Transmitting the Hazardous Microorganism in Human Population

The aim of present study is to determine the load of pathogenic microorganism and possible disease potentials of the water sources to prevent possible disease outbreak for the inhabitants. A total number of 50 water samples were collected from different river/canal bank sources and were subjected to standard microbiological analysis. The result of total heterotrophic bacterial count (cfu/ml) ranged between 21×10⁵ to 16.6×10⁶. Different bacterial isolates were microscopically and biochemically characterized as: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., and Proteus spp. In 50 water samples, 40(80.0%) samples were positive for Escherichia coli, 35(70.0%) for Staphylococcus spp., 25(50.0%) for Klebsiella spp., 25(50.0%) for Streptococcus spp., and 15(30.0%) for Proteus spp., respectively. This showed that Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. occurred highest (80% and 70%) in water samples followed by Klebsiella and Streptococcus spp. (50.0%) while the lowest occurrence was recorded by Proteus spp. (30.0%), respectively. The results show that river/canal bank water sources are not free from enteric pathogens and expose users to diseases like dysentery, diarrhoea, skin, soft tissue, respiratory, urinary or respiratory tract infections, endovascular to wound infections etc.

Keywords: Pathogenic microorganism, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp. and Proteus spp..

Full Paper

Effects of low Amperage Current on the Protein Pattern of Potential Pathogen

Electrical current is known for bactericidal activity by influencing the inhibition of biological processes of organism at the cellular level. Electrical current has been reported to alleviate pain, probably by altering endorphin concentration, and speed up wound healing by increasing cell proliferation. Infection is a major clinical complication associated with the use of central venous catheters (CVCs). Treatment of these infections by antibiotics is relatively expensive. Not always successful and frequency necessitates catheter removal. Bacteria attached to device such as biofilms are quite typical, resistant both to antimicrobial agent and to host defense. Despite the fact that endogenous bacteria are beneficial to the host in their natural habitat (e.g. prevent the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens and colonization by antibiotic resistant bacteria), many of these micro-organism are potentially pathogenic.

Keywords: Inhibition, Endorphin Concentration, Cell Proliferation, Central Venous Catheters (CVCs), Antimicrobial Agent, Endogenous Bacteria.

Full Paper

Preliminary Simulation Results of Selective Emitter based Silicon Solar Cell

The lower cost solar cell reduces prices per watt, that can be achieved by the etches back method, so we have done single time Phosphors Diffusion on uniform mesh p-type Silicon wafer to reduce diffusion price but not at the cost of its efficiency. A n-type diffusion has been carried out on a fine mash p-type Silicone wafer having thicknesses 300 µm, resistivity 1 Ώ-cm, by using P₂O₅ gas as a diffusion source at constant diffusion parameters like temperature, source concentration and diffusion time to make Selective Emitter Silicon solar cells by using etches back method, in which etch active area behave as a conventional solar cell. We also screened different parameters of a solar cell under AM 1.5 spectra using SSUPRM4 a tool in advance semi-conductor device simulator Silvaco.

Keywords: Etch back, SSUPRM4.

Full Paper

In emerging technologies resource management is the key problem. This paper describes how to reduce the search time for the best available resources and assure instant provisioning of the lately added resources to the grid thereby using Artificial Intelligence, Multi-agent and Case Base Reasoning (CBR). To overcome the overhead of resource availability in grid computing, we have identified the formula which can efficiently identify the available nodes in the grid environment. The algorithm will efficiently search the nodes available as per requirement of the request of resources and searching is faster as compare to other existing algorithms. We have designed an algorithm which will identify the nodes available and the ideal node can also utilize. Each node will be equally loaded and resource allocation will be efficiently done. This approach significantly reduces the computational time of resource allocation. The Multi–agents has been used for decision making, selection and allocation faster for improving the productivity by reducing the searching time for resource allocation in grid environment. Each agent is assigned with some important task and will be communicating with other agents as input for next activity.

Keywords: Case Base Reasoning (CBR), Grid Environment, Resource Allocation and Multi-agent.

Full Paper

Biochemical Parameter of Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) as a Link Marker to Metabolic Syndrome

The role of the Enzyme Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) as a link marker to Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in Indians is significant. The MetS is a clustering of components that reflect over nutrition, sedentary lifestyles and resultant excess adiposity. Metabolic Syndrome is posing a major public health challenge to the health systems in developed and developing countries.  This study is an attempt to see the role of biochemical markers such as GGT & Blood glucose in Metabolic Syndrome in study cases of Indian population.  The 405 study subjects aged between 25-65 yrs from general population in Ghaziabad, India, were taken, who attended the hospital for general checkup. GGT and Blood Glucose of subjects were evaluated. On application of ATP 3^rd criteria on the screened subject patients, they are classified. Our study found that the number of subjects having MetS was 173 (42.71% of total). In the subgroup of metabolic syndrome with diabetes, the total number of subjects was 105 (25.92%) in which age wise distribution was 26 (6.41%) in 25-45 yrs and 79 (19.50%) in 45-65 yrs. In the second subgroup of metabolic syndrome without diabetes total number of subjects was 68 (16.79%) in which age wise distribution was 16 (3.95%) in 25-45 yrs and 52 (12.83%) in 45-65 yrs. The study proposes the inclusion of biochemical parameter GGT in the criteria for defining cases of metabolic syndrome, so that more metabolic syndrome cases can be picked up at earliest. This issue is especially pertinent for the Indian patient population in whom cardiovascular disease is becoming increasingly common in both sexes and in age group of 25-65 yrs. There should be emphasis on detection of metabolic syndrome and intensification of targeted preventive strategies. In this study; there is strong evidence that GGT should be included in the case definition criteria or diagnostic criteria of Metabolic Syndrome. The study proposes the inclusion of biochemical parameter GGT in the criteria for defining cases of metabolic syndrome in Indians. So that more cases of Metabolic Syndrome can be picked up at earliest.

Keywords: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT).

Full Paper

­­­Macro Cyclic Antibiotics as Chiral Supramolecular Receptors for Enantioslective Sensing in Biological Samples

Enantioselective Potentiometric Membrane electrodes (EMPEs) based on macroyclic antibiotics derivative were proposed for determination of L-and D-enantiomers of glyceric acid in serum samples. The linear concentration ranges for the proposed sensor were in the F mol/L to P mol/L magnitude order. The sensor proved high reliability for the enantioanalysis of L & D glyeric acid in serum samples.

Keywords: Enantioselective potentiometric determination, Macro cyclic Antibiotics derivative and Biological samples.

Full Paper

The Accelerated Power Development & Reform Programme (APDRP) was launched in February 2001 by the Union government of India to promote the distribution reforms. But the APDRP could not achieve the desired goals within the stipulated time. Government of India rethought its course of action and came up with another ambitious project, Restructured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Program (RAPDRP) to overcome the shortcomings of APDRP and to reduce the Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C) losses to 15% by implementing projects within 18 to 24 months.  Restructured APDRP was approved in July 2008 for implementation in the 11^th five year plan. The focus of the programme is on actual, demonstrable performance in terms of sustained loss reduction. This paper analyses the major reasons behind the failure of APDRP and discusses the proposed scheme of R-APDRP and its challenges. The paper also provides a model for R-APDRP scheme for a sample State of India. This paper may be a helpful tool for policy maker and state government.

Keywords: Restructured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Program (RAPDRP), Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C) losses, Power sector Reforms.

Full Paper

Effect of Growth Conditions on Conductivity of Indium Tin Oxide Films

Indium tin oxide (ITO) films were grown using radio frequency (RF) sputtering technique. Conductivity or sheet resistance of the ITO films grown by this technique depends on various conditions such as the post annealing temperature, substrate temperature and the composition of the gas used for the deposition. Current work presents the study on the variation of sheet resistance by varying the conditions of growth. All the parameters such as post annealing temperature, substrate temperature and composition of gas used were found to affect the sheet resistance of ITO films.

Keywords: Indium tin oxide (ITO) films, Radio Frequency (RF) sputtering technique.

Full Paper

Thermodynamic Functions of 

1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-2, 6-dioxopyrimidine-4-

carboxylic Acid

The statistical computation of an ideal gas state thermodynamic functions namely enthalpy, entropy, free energy, heat capacity of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2,6-dioxopyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid have been performed. These calculations have been made at a pressure of 1 atmosphere in the temperature range 100 °K to 1500 °K under rigid rotor harmonic oscillator approximation for 1 mole of perfect gas & on the basis of vibrational frequencies obtained from FTIR & Raman spectra & also with the help of moment of inertia.

Keywords: Enthalpy, Entropy, Free Energy, Heat Capacity, FTIR, Raman Spectra.

Full Paper

ξ-Regular Spaces

The aim of this paper is to introduce and study a new class of regular space called ξ-regular spaces by using ξ-open sets introduced by R. Devi, S.N. Rajappriya, K.M. Swamy and H. Maki in Scientiae Mathematical Japonicae (2006) and obtained several properties of such a space. Moreover, we obtained some new characterizations and preservation theorems of ξ-regular spaces.

Keywords: ξ, ξ*, ξ**, gα, rgα-closed sets, ξ, ξ*, ξ**, gα, rgα-open sets, ξ-open, almost ξ-open, pre ξ-closed, ξg-closed, almost ξg-closed functions, ξ-regular spaces.

Full Paper

The Study of RF-Stimulated Magneto-Conductivity in 20% Pr-doped HTS Y₁₂₃

Pawan Kumar^1,* and Vaibhav Jain²

^1,*Associate Prof., Department of Physics, A.S. (P.G.) College, Sikandrabad, India

²Assistant Prof., Department of Physics, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Bulandshahr, India

The HTS Y₁₂₃ were synthesized anal doped with 20% Pr using conventional solid state reaction method The electrical conductivity as well as magneto-conduction processes were studied under radio frequency perturbations at room temperature on the compressed pellets endowed with 4-probe Hall geometry. The variations of Hall Potential V_H with magnetic field H as well as frequency reveal the Interesting features of superconducting switching inwards further high temperature side.

Keywords: High Temperature Superconductors (HTS), Doping, Superconductivity.

Full Paper

Prospective Cohort Study to Evaluate Hyponatremia as a Sequela of Acute Renal Dysfunction in Cirrhosis of Liver

Dr. Anil Gupta

 Senior Lecturer, Deptt. of Physiology and Biochemistry, Eklavya dental College, Rajasthan, India.

Hyponateremia is a medical condition commonly seen in patient with progressive cirrhosis. The study was conducted on total 30 cirrhotic patients. Group 1 showed mean eGFR (93.9 ± 12 ml/min/1.73m²) by simplified MDRD equation, significantly (p<0.001) above reference value (75 ml/min/1.73m²) as agreed upon, lower normal value as per RIFLE classification. Group 2 showed mean eGFR (48.8 ± 14.7 ml/min/1.73m²) significantly (p<0.001) below the normal reference value.

Full Paper

Metabolic Syndrome: The Prevalence of Mounting Public Health Problem in Ghaziabad, India

Himanshu Tyagi^1,*, Vishal Modgil² and Mahendra Nath³

^1,*Ph.D. Scholor, Medical Biochemistry, Shivalik Hospital, Ghaziabad, India.

²Department of Medicine, Shivalik Hospital, Ghaziabad, India.

³L.L.R. Medical College, Meerut, India.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a name for a group of risk factors that occur together and increases the risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. The MetS is a clustering of components that reflect over nutrition, sedentary lifestyles and resultant excess adiposity. Metabolic Syndrome is posing a major public health challenge to the health systems in developed and developing countries. The 405 study subjects aged between 25-65 yrs from general population in Ghaziabad, India, were taken, who attended the hospital for general checkup. Complete fasting lipid profile, Blood glucose, and Hs-CRP, Lp(a) and GGT, blood urea and Serum Creatinine of subjects were evaluated. On application of ATP 3^rd criteria on the screened subject patients, they are classified. Our study found that the number of subjects having MetS was 173 (42.71% of total). In the subgroup of metabolic syndrome with diabetes, the total number of subjects was 105(25.92%) in which age wise distribution was 26 (6.41%) in 25-45 yrs and 79 (19.50%) in 45-65 yrs. In the second subgroup of metabolic syndrome without diabetes total number of subjects was 68 (16.79%) in which age wise distribution was 16 (3.95%) in 25-45 yrs and 52 (12.83%) in 45-65 yrs. The study proposes the inclusion of biochemical parameter Hs-CRP, Lp (a) and GGT in the criteria for defining cases of metabolic syndrome, so that more metabolic syndrome cases can be picked up at earliest. This issue is especially pertinent for the Indian patient population in whom cardiovascular disease is becoming increasingly common in both sexes and in age group of 25-65 yrs. There should be emphasis on detection of metabolic syndrome and intensification of targeted preventive strategies.

Full Paper

Prospective Study to Evaluate Anemia and its Covariation with Hypoalbuminemia in Patients Suffering from Ascites Cirrhosis

Dr. Anil Gupta

 Senior Lecturer, Deptt. of Physiology and Biochemistry, Eklavya dental College, Rajasthan, India.

Anemia is the reduction in quantity of haemoglobin pigment in circulating blood. It is the manifestation of chronic inflammation, infection or malignancy in the body. The study sample comprised of total 30 participants in two groups. The mean haemoglobin of cirrhotics (9.86 ± 1.8 mg/dl) was lesser in comparison to haemoglobin (13.09 ± 1.76 mg/dl) of controls significantly (p<0.0001). Further, sample t-test revealed a significant (p<0.0001) reduction in concentration of haemoglobin of cirrhotics at a cut off (13 mg/dl). The anemia in cirrhotics covariated significantly (p=0.05), with hypoalbuminemia, as revealed in Pearson’s coeffiecient of correlation (r=0.043).

Full Paper

Assessment of Drinking Water Quality at three Intermediate Colleges and two Degree Colleges of Municipality of District Sambhal, U.P., India

Sushil Kumar^1,* and Himshikha Yadav²

^1,*Asst. Prof. and Head, Department of Zoology,Govt. Degree College Sambhal, Moradabad, India.

²Asst. Prof. and Head, Department of Botany, Govt. Girls (P.G.) College, Bareilly, India,

The paper reports drinking water quality from three inter colleges and two degree colleges of Sambhal municipality. The quality of drinking water samples were assessed by examining various physico-chemical and biological parameters viz, colour, odour, taste, turbidity, pH, specific conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness,  chloride, fluoride, sulphate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total coliforms. The analytical results were compared with drinking water standard (BIS-10500) prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi. The water quality in general found to be satisfactory but the level of total hardness, chloride, nitrate, and magnesium were slightly higher at some locations and coliforms contamination was also found in some of drinking water samples.

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Part 4

Isolation and Partially Characterization of Bacteriocin Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Barley Beer

Dr. Mukta Sharma^1,* and Dr. Anandveer Singh²

^1,*Prof. & Head, Departt. of Microbiology, S.B.B. Dental College & Research Centre, Masuri, Ghaziabad, India.

²Department of Chemistry, BSA College, Mathura, India.

Twenty lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from barley beer, six of these beer isolates were observed to secrete the inhibitory compounds into the cell-free filtrate with optimal production occurring in the late exponential growth phase. The inhibitory spectra of these isolates included various Gram’s positive and Gram’s negative bacteria and a variety of beer-spoiling bacteria. Based on standard biochemical and microbiological tests, these isolates were tentatively identified as Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus paracasei. These inhibitory isolates were inactivated by treatment with proteolytic enzymes indication that the inhibitory compound was proteinaceous in nature, the proteinaceous nature and inactivation by catalase identified them as bacteriocins. These bacteriocins were partially characterized. Bacteriocins produced by these six isolates were active across a wide pH range, relatively insensitive to heat treatment. Stability of the secreted bacteriocins at varying pH values indicated that full activity was retained in all samples at pH 4-6 with a significant reduction in activity at pH 2-3 and pH 7-10.

Full Paper

Absorption Studies of Tripositive Neodymium Doped Lithium Bismuth Borate Glasses

B. Bhatia^1,* and V. Parihar²

^{1,*, 2}Ceramic Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jai Narain Vyas University Jodhpur 342001(Raj.)India

Glasses having composition (60-x) B₂O₃-10Bi₂O₃-30Li₂O-xNd₂O₃ with x =1, 1.5 and 2 were prepared by melt quenching technique. The amorphous nature of the prepared glass samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The absorption spectra of three Nd³⁺ lithium bismuth borate (LBB) glasses have been recorded at room temperature. From these spectral data various energy interaction parameters like Slater-Condon parameters F_k (k=2, 4 and 6), Lande’ parameters x_4f and Racah parameters E^k (k=2, 4 and 6) have been computed. Nephelauxetic ratio (β’) and bonding parameters (b^1/2) have also been computed from these parameters to study the nature of bonding in doped glasses. The intensities of the f-f transitions in the absorption spectra have been analyzed by the application of the Judd-Ofelt theory.

Full Paper

A combined approach of Swarm Intelligence Protocols for Monitoring Network Congestion

Rashmi Singh^1,* and Dr. Sweta Verma²

^1,*Research Scholar, New Delhi, India

²Department of Information Technology, Galgotia’s College of Engg & Technology

Greater Noida, India

This paper introduces a hybrid technique by combining more than one protocols of swarm intelligence to obtain better network traffic management. The proposed routing protocol which is a combination of Wireless Ant Network based Routing Protocol (W_AntNet), named as Secure Load Aware Wireless Ant Network (SLAWAN) and Bee Hive based Routing Algorithm for decreasing route discovery latency in real time communications in high dynamic networks. The proposed algorithm splits the network into two parts; one is a fixed network and the other is a mobile ad hoc network (MANET), then applying the Wireless Ant Network based Routing Algorithm on the mobile part and the Bee Hive based Routing Algorithm on the fixed one. This protocol monitors the congestion status of active routes and reconstructs the path when nodes of the route have their network buffer queue overloaded.

Full Paper

A Morphology based Approach for Human Skin Detection in Color Image

Lavanya Sharma^1,*, D.K. Yadav² and Manoj Kumar³

^1,2,3Department of CSE, M.R.C.E. Faridabad, India

A reliable skin detection method that is adaptable to different human skin colors and illumination is very essential for human skin detection. Today’s many skin detection methods are available in literature but they are not able to cope with variety of skin colors. Several image processing and computer vision approaches have been developed for human skin detection. In this work we propose a mathematical morphology based YCbCr method which given better performance as compare to other HSV, YCbCr color spaces. This method is simple and efficient. The experimental result shows that the proposed method can achieve satisfactory performance in real time applications.

Full Paper

Spectroscopic Investigation of Pr³⁺ Doped Zinc Lithium Bismuth Borate Glasses

Beena Bhatia^1,* and Vishal Parihar²

^1,2Ceramics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur-342001(Raj.), India

Optical absorption and fluorescence spectra of Pr³⁺ doped bismuth borate glasses having glass system (60-x)B₂O₃-10Bi₂O₃-20Li₂O-10ZnO-xPr₆O₁₁ where x=1, 1.5 and 2 mol% have been recorded. Judd-Ofelt theory have been applied to compute oscillator strength and intensity parameters Ω_λ (λ=2, 4 and 6).  These parameters have been used to calculate the radiative properties of glasses viz., spontaneous emission probability (A), radiative life time (t_R), fluorescence branching ratio (β_R) and stimulated emission cross section (σ_p) of various emission lines have been evaluated. The results obtained suggest that these new materials can be considered as an interesting candidate for laser applications.

Full Paper

Vitamin C Source Food Articles, Cure of Urinary Tract Infection in North India

A.S. Shishodia¹, Dr.  Mukta Sharma^2,* and Ajit Joshi³

^1,3Department of Microbiology, Mewar University, Chittorgarh (Raj.), India

^2,*Department of Microbiology, S.B.B. Dental College & Research Centre, Ghaziabad, India

Different bacterial strains were isolated from hospitalized patients with Urinary Tract Infection and microscopically and biochemically characterized as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Alcaligenes   faecalis. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common urine isolate and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was another common organism. The antimicrobial activity of vitamin C sources like cranberry, amla, lemon, roseberry and mango was determined against a total of forty eight isolated organisms by well plate method and sensitivity of antibiotics were also checked by Kirby-Baur disc diffusion method. On comparative analysis of vitamin C source food articles and antibiotic sensitivity against isolated organisms it was found that action of cranberry, amla, lemon, roseberry and mango have good effect as compare to different antibiotics. Among these sources cranberry was most effective against all urine isolates. Due to the emergence of drug resistant microorganisms, it is a need to search out more effective antimicrobial agents to cure the disease. Our studies suggest that high intake of vitamin C tends to increase the acidity of urine which is not well tolerated by the bacteria responsible for UTI.

Full Paper

A Mössbauer Spectroscopic study of Ordinary Chondrites

Abhijit Kulshreshtha¹ and Neeraj Bijlani^2,*

^1,2,*Department of Physics, Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, India

Mössbauer spectroscopic studies of Ordinary chondrite shows that the main iron minerals in chondrites are Fe-Ni (Kamacite/Taenite), Troilite, Olivine and Pyroxene. Presence of these minerals can be characterized as a signatures of ordinary chondrites. Mössbauer absorption areas corresponding to different phases favour its classification as H ordinary chondrites.

Full Paper

A Comparative Study of Novel Super Disintegrating Agent, Guar gum to existing Super Disintegrating Agent, Sodium Starch Glycolate on Release Rate of Drug from Fast Dissolving Tablet

Dr. Rambabu Sharma^1, *, Deepak Choudhary²,  Anil Bhandari³, Rajesh Verma⁴ and M.S. Ranawat⁵

^1,2,3,4Faculty of pharmaceutical science, Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, India.

⁵B. N. College of Pharmacy, Udaipur. India.

The aim of present study is to exist a novel super disintegrants in fast dissolving tablet. Guar gum is a natural substance and used in many pharmaceutical product and it can also used as a super disintegrating agent in fast dissolving tablet. The result is that it released the 99.21% drug in 15min as compared to Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG), where only 97.51% drug was released. The onset of time was better for guar gum where, 84.79% of drug was released in 2min from F3 formulation as compared of F6 formulation where only 71.22% drug was released.  The possible mechanism of disintegrating property was good swelling property of guar gum than SSG but when the concentration of guar gum was used above 8%, it created a problem on disintegration of tablet due to formation of gel layer around the tablet. All evaluating parameters were within range and no markedly difference was observed.

Full Paper

An Overview of LTE Technology and its Applications in Telecommunication Domain

Ritesh Saraswat^1,*, Dr. Sarika Jain², Dr. Vijay Kaushik³ and Charu Jain⁴

^1,*Research Scholar, Department of Electronics, CMJ University, Meghalaya, India

²HOD, Department of Electronics, VIIT, Bulandshahr, UP, India

³Director, Department of Electronics, VIIT, Bulandshahr, UP, India

⁴Lecturer, Department of Mgmt. & Comp. Sc., R.V. Higher Edu. & Tech. Institute, Dadari, G.B. Nagar, UP, India

Various wireless access technologies i.e. both the non-3GPP and 3GPP are beyond the Long Term Evolution (LTE) and connected to the Evolved Packet Core System (EPC), for example Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity). The wireless access technologies predicted that mobile data traffic may increase the high capacity demands. The improved device capabilities and new services indicates that the consumer data-rate and mobile broadband traffic demands are growing at an unprecedented rate. The mobile broadband traffic are increased at high rate and the Ericsson reports specify that world total mobile data traffic in 4G, 3G and 2G networks will have possibilities to grow 10-fold between 2011 and 2016.

Full Paper

Study of Chemical State of Iron in Giral Lignite Samples using ⁵⁷Fe Mossbauer Spectroscopy

K.R. Patel¹, Renu², Beena Bhatia^3,* and Sahiram⁴

^1,2,3,4Mossbauer spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics, J.N.V. University, Jodhpur, India.

⁵⁷Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and powder XRD has been used to characterize the iron-bearing phase in the lignite samples collected from Giral, Rajasthan. It is found that the samples contain anomalous presence of Jarosite which is generally not found in lignite samples. Simultaneously powder XRD spectra show dominating presence of Ca₂SO₄ It appears that both sulphate minerals (Jarosite and Gypsum Ca₂SO₄) should be highly correlated. The significance of anomalous presence of Jarosite in lignite samples is discussed.

Full Paper

Impact on the Phenological Events of Plants under Stress Conditions of Auto-Exhaust Pollution

Dr. Anita Pawar

Asst. Prof. Department of Botany

N.R.E.C. College, Khurja, U.P., India

Present paper deals with the impact of auto-exhaust pollution on the phenological events of Withania somnifera and Amaranthus viridis growing along the road side. For study purpose three sites were identified i.e Highly Polluted Area (HPA), Medium Polluted Area (MPA) and Fresh Area (FA-Control), in city Ghaziabad which is an important industrial town of western U.P.. Various phenological events like-germination, vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting etc. were recorded. It was found  that different plants respond differently to the stress and life cycle was noticed short under stressed conditions of pollution.

Full Paper

A New Method Based on the Comparison of the Connection Strings of the Kinematic Chains to detect Isomorphism

Syed Shane Haider Rizvi^1,*

^1,*Assistant Professor, Jamia Millia Islamia (CentralUniversity), New Delhi-110025

This paper presents a new method for the detection of isomorphism in kinematic chains which plays an important role in structural synthesis of kinematic chains. The proposed method uses the new invariants called as connection string & connection value. These invariants are based on the degree of links and used as an identifier of a kinematic chain (KC). The proposed method is easy to compute, reliable and capable of detecting isomorphism in all types of KC, i.e. chains of single or multi degree of freedom with simple joints. This study will help the designer to select the best KC and mechanisms to perform the specified task at conceptual stage of design.

Keywords:  Isomorphism, Kinematic chain (KC), Connection string, Connection value, Degree of freedom.

Full Paper

An Investigation into the Evolution of Wireless Mobile Technologies and their Impact on Communication

Ritesh Saraswat^1,*, Dr. Sarika Jain² and Dr. Vijay Kaushik³

^1,* Research Scholar, Department of Electronics, CMJ University, Meghalaya, India

² HOD, Department of Electronics, VIIT, Bulandshahr, UP, India

³ Director, VIIT, Bulandshahr, UP, India

The data traffic through mobile devices has grown exponentially and as a result internet is transforming itself to be based on mobile networks. Mobile devices which have been conventionally using third and fourth generation technologies have started choosing Wi-Fi as an alternative for coping with the increasing data traffic. However, simultaneous access of these technologies will improve the performance of mobile devices. Wi-Fi offloading is the solution for the future growth of the mobile broadband data traffic in deployed long term evolution [LTE] and Wi-Fi is an alternative access network technology.

Keywords: Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), long term evolution [LTE].

Full Paper

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New Diindolylmethane

Dr. Meenu  Mangal^1,*and Nitesh Saini²

^1,2,*Poddar International CollegeMansarovar,Jaipur-302020,  Rajasthan, India

E mail: drmeenumangal@gmail.com

Condensation of aldehyde or ketone with approximately substituted indoles in glacial acetic acid gave diindolylmathene. The synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis and spectral data (IR, PMR and FEB MASS). All the synthesized compounds have been evaluated for anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities.

Keywords: Ketones, Substituted Indoles, Antibacterial and Antifungal activities.

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study of Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Corrosion of Mild Steel in 1.0M Sodium Sulphate Solution

Dr. Kashyap Dhoot^1,*

^1,*Department of Physics, JNVU, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

 A systematic study of the ascorbic acid on the corrosion of mild steel in 1.0M solution of Sodium Sulphate (controlsSolution) has been carried out using Mössbauer Spectroscopy. It is observed that the presence of ascorbic acid of strength ≥ 0.1M in corroding media (1.0M solution of sodium sulphate) influences the formation of usual corrosion species like β, γ-FeOOH and Ferrihydrite. It also retards the rate of rust formation.

Keywords:  Ascorbic acid, Mössbauer Spectroscopy,Corrosion species.

Full Paper

Thermal Management Components and their Significance in Energy Efficient/Green Buildings in India: A Review

Ashok Kumar^1,* and D Buddhi²

^1,*A2Z Maintenance and Engg. Services Ltd, Sector 32, Plot No. B- 38, Gurgaon, India

aksss09@yahoo.co.in

²World Energy Edu. Foundation, Maya Plaza, Garhi Cantt., Dehradun, India dbuddhi@gmail.com

A growing world-wide concern for the conservation of energy and depletion of natural resources leads to a renewed interest in those aspects of architecture, which leads to thermal comfort in buildings with minimum consumption of conventional energy and depletion of natural resources. These aspects are termed as energy efficient design strategies. Various strategies for designing green buildings are (i)Building design parameters (iii) Efficient selection of HVAC equipments (iii) lower embodied energy of building material and (iv) Soil & water conservation. In this review various aspects like social, economical, energy, environment and sustainability of buildings with their labeling in terms of Bureau of Energy Efficiency, India has been presented.

Keywords: Thermal Comfort, Green Building, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning).

Full Paper

M*- Separation Axioms

Dr. M.C. Sharma^1,*and Poonam Sharma²

sharmamc2@gmail.com and poonamsachin83@gmail.com

^1,*^,2 Department of Mathematics, N.R.E.C. College, Khurja – 203131 (U.P.) India

In this paper, we introduced the concepts of new separation axioms called M*– separation axioms i. e. M*-T_½, M*-T_b,M*-T_d – spaces by using M* – open sets in topological space and obtained several properties of such spaces.

Keywords: gM*– closed, gM*– open, rgM*– open sets, M*-T_½, M*-T_b, M*-T_d – spaces.

Full Paper

Modeling of PCM Wall of a Building for the Management of Thermal Load

Ashok Kumar Saini

A2Z Maintenance and Engineering Services Ltd, Sector 32, Plot No B-38, Gurgaon- 122001, India

Email: aksss09@yahoo.co.in

A theoretical model based on enthalpy formulation and fully implicit finite difference method, has been used for one-dimensional model to predict the time-wise variation of latent heat stored and melt fraction of PCM in the designed model. The objective of this paper is to predict the thermal performance of a latent heat thermal energy storage system roof, a building component which contributes maximum heat load inside the building and comparison of heat load reduction due to addition of PCM wall. Stored heat can easily be utilized for any other application or can be flushed to the ambient.

Keywords: Enthalpy, Latent heat, (PCM) Phase change materials, Heat load.

Full Paper

Synthesis of Mono and Bi Dentate Schiff’s Bases and their Complexes with M(CO)₆ [M= Cr, Mo, W]

Dr. Manoj Kumar Agarwal¹, Manish Kaushik² and Amit Singhal^3,*

¹Deptt. of Chemistry, Accurate Institute of Management & Technology, Greater Noida, G.B. Nagar, U.P., India

²Deptt. of Chemsitry, Accurate Institute of Management & Technology, Greater Noida, G.B. Nagar, U.P., India

^3,*Department of Chemical Sciences, JJT University, Jhunjhunu Rajasthan, India

The development of bacterial resistance to available antibiotics and increasing incidence of multi resistant bacterial infections in hospitals and in the community has necessitated the search for new antibacterial agents to treat the bacterial infection. Thiazoles and their derivatives form a part of Vitamin B₁ and coenzyme carboxylase. They represent a very interesting class of compounds because of their wide applications as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-degenerative and anti-HIV activities. In the light of the above we have synthesized some new noble Schiff’s Bases and their G-6 metal carbonyl derivatives. Schiff’s bases  viz. N-[(E)-phenylmethylidene](naptho[1,2-d][1,3]thiazol-2-amine (SB¹), N-[(E)-(3-methoxyphenyl)methylidene](naptho[1,2-d][1,3]thiazol-2-amine) (SB²) react with G-6 metal hexacarbonyls in benzene to give monosubstituted derivatives  while N-[(E)-phenylmethylidene] (naptho[1,2-d][1,3]thiazol-2-ylimino)methyl]phenol  (SB³), 2-methoxy-6-[(E)-(naptho[1,2-d][1,3]thiazol-2-ylimino)methyl]phenol (SB⁴) and N-[(E)-furan-2-ylmethylidine] (naptho[1,2-d][1,3]thiazol-2-amine (SB⁵) react with G-6 metal hexacarbonyls in benzene to give disubstituted derivatives.

Keywords: Schiff bases, Metal carbonyl, Naptho[1,2-d][1,3]thiazol-2-amine.

Full Paper

Intensify the I/O Performance of OODBS by Collaboration between Opportunism and Prioritization

Dheeraj Chooramani^1,* and Dr. D.K. Pandey²

^1,*Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, JJTU, Rajasthan, India.

² Director, Dr. Pandey Professional College, Ghaziabad, UP, India

As we all know that clustering has demonstrated to be one of the most effective performance enhancement techniques for object oriented database systems. The bulk of work is done on static clustering, that is re-clustering the object base when the database is off-line. When 24-hour database access is required this type of re-clustering cannot be used. In these cases clustering is required which can recluster the object base while the database is in operation. We believe that most existing on-line clustering algorithms lack three important properties. These include: the use of opportunism to imposes the smallest I/O footprint for re-organization; the re-use of prior research on static clustering algorithms; and the prioritization of re-clustering so that the worst clustered pages are re-clustered first. In this paper we present a opportunistic priority clustering framework in which any existing off-line clustering algorithm can be made on-line and given the desired properties of opportunism and clustering prioritization. Most importantly it allows the created algorithm to have the properties of I/O opportunism and clustering prioritization which are missing in most existing dynamic clustering algorithms. We have used OPCF to make the static clustering algorithms Graph Partitioning and Probability Ranking Principle into dynamic algorithms. We have used the latest version of VOODB 2007 and OCB 1998 in comparison to other researchers.

Keywords: Object-oriented database system, Static clustering, Dynamic clustering algorithms, Prioritization, Opportunism.

Full Paper

Some Flexible Software Reliability Growth Models using Two-Dimensional Approach

Ompal Singh^1,*, Jyotish N.P. Singh², Jyotish Kumar³ and P.K. Kapur⁴

^1,2,3Department of Operational Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.

⁴Amity International Business School, Amity University, Noida, U.P., India.

The concern for software reliability has grown over a period of time especially with the advent of real life systems such as satellite and shuttle control, telephone, internet and banking services. In today’s life the computers are being used to monitor and control safety critical and civilian systems with a great demand for high-quality software products. So reliability is a primary concern for both software developers and software users. The new outlines of competition and collaboration that have arisen in software engineering as a result of the globalization process have an impact on the entire software process. The need is growing to estimate, risk assess, plan and manage the development of these complex software systems to ensure a smooth run of life. Therefore to capture the combined effect of testing time and testing coverage we propose a two dimensional software reliability growth model. We have used cobb-douglas production function to develop the two dimensional model incorporating the effect of testing time and testing coverage on the number of faults removed in the software system. In this paper, we present two software reliability growth models incorporating logistic distribution function and Exponentiated Exponential distribution function respectively. The model developed is validated on real data set.

Keywords: Software reliability growth models (SRGMs), Cobb–Douglas production function, Logistic distribution function, Exponentiated exponential distribution function.

Full Paper

Performance Studies of Refrigerated Van having PCM for Generating Off Site Refrigeration Effect

Munesh Kumar Sharma^1,* and D. Buddhi²

^1,*Millennium Institute of Technology, Biharigadh, Saharanpur-247001, India

²Shivalik College of Engineering, Shimla Bypass, Dehradun-248197, India

A refrigeration system incorporating phase change material (PCM) is proposed to maintain refrigerated van at the desired thermal conditions. The advantage of using PCM to maintain low temperatures is that a conventional refrigeration system does not have to be located on-board the vehicle. In addition, Thermal Energy Storage through Phase Change material has been used for wide applications in the field of air conditioning and refrigeration especially at industrial scale. The specific use of this Thermal Storage has been for Energy Storage during low demand and release of this Energy during peak loads with potential to provide energy savings due to this. The system consumes less energy and produces much lower local greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The phase change material is charged by a refrigeration unit located off the vehicle when stationary. The PCM is discharged and provides cooling when in service. A new PCM with a lower cost than currently available PCMs was developed, suitable for maintaining the refrigerated van at a temperature of 5^oC. The PCM has a melting temperature of -15.2^oC and a latent heat of 284 kJ/ kg. The use of latent heat storage is especially suited to the storage of energy to prolong the food preservation time of refrigerators fresh food compartment & also improve the cooling cycle by its release at appropriate time. A prototype system was constructed and test results proved that the proposed refrigeration system is feasible for mobile transport.

Keywords: Phase change material (PCM), Thermal energy storage, Greenhouse gas (GHG).

Full Paper

Process Improvement by

Implementation of Lean

Techniques

Ch Raviteja

Graduate of Mechanical Engineering, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

MIG-1880, BHEL, R.C.Puram, Hyderabad

Lean manufacturing techniques are being increasingly used in many industries due to their success in the Japanese automobile industry. There are many techniques one may use to improve the processes but any techniques have to be continuously implemented (Kaizen) in order to obtain substantial results. Even though the literature on Lean techniques is easily available, not many companies have been successful in implementing them. This paper deals with the application of some techniques in a high mix- low volume environment.

Keywords: Lean, Value Stream Mapping, Single piece flow, 5S methodology, Ishikawa diagram etc.

Full Paper

Determination and Comparative

Study of Mineral Elements and

Nutritive Value of some Common

Fruit Plants

Brijesh Mishra¹, Ritu Kushwaha² and F.K. Pandey^3,*

^1,2Department of Biotechnology, IMS School of Biosciences, Ghaziabad, U.P. India

^3,*Department of Biotechnology, SoS, Noida International University, GBN, UP. India

Owing to diverse agro climatic conditions, India is endowed with a wide variety of plants, both wild growing and domesticated, which contribute to the diet of its people. Nutritional contribution and nutritive value of fruits have been extensively studied but, there is practically no information on nutritive value of their bark which may contribute significantly to the nutrient intake of local population. Fruit plants viz; Phyllanthus emblica (Amla), Aegle marmelos (Bael) and Carica papaya (Papita) are very important fruit plants in all over India. These plants have great importance due to their economic value, nutritive value and major source of medicines as they have been found through out human history. The present course of study reveals the elements in bark of the fruits (Amla, Bael & Papaya) as well as the nutritive value of their bark. Macro and microelement contents of bark of three fruit plants (Phyllanthus emblica, Aegle marmelos and Carica papaya) were evaluated by the use of inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) technique. The plant parts showed sufficient mineral elements, most of which have been found to be common among them with good nutritive value and rich in carbohydrate, enough protein and fat content.

Keywords: Phyllanthus emblica, Aegle marmelos and Carica papaya. Mineral elements and Nutritive value.

Full Paper

Thermal Expansivity and

Isothermal Bulk Modulus of

Various Classes of Minerals

at High Temperatures

Dr. S.P. Singh^1,* and Dr. Jeet Singh²

^1,*Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Govt. Degree College, Sambhal, Bhimnagar.

²Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Govt. Degree College, Manth, Mathura.

In this paper, a new expression for temperature dependence of thermal expansivity and bulk modulus are developed using a simple thermodynamical equation of state. The proposed equation of state is applied to investigate the study thermal expansivity and bulk modulus of various classes of minerals and provides the non-linear models for variation of both thermal expansivity and bulk modulus with temperatures. The results obtained for various earth’s minerals are discussed and compared with experimental results. The computed values of thermal expansivity and bulk modulus have shown a good agreement with available experimental results. It is concluded that a new expression for thermal expansivity and bulk modulus is capable to predict the elastic properties of Earth’s minerals under high temperature conditions.

Keywords: EOS, Thermal expansivity, Bulk modulus, Minerals.

Full Paper

Virtualization: A Solution for

 High Availability

Mukesh Chandra Negi^1,* and Dr. D.K. Pandey²

^1,*Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, JJTU, Rajasthan

²Director, Dr. Pandey Professional College, Ghaziabad

Virtualization is a technique where a physical server can be divided into multiple virtual servers and each server has its own resources like RAM, CPU, Disk Storage etc. initially the concept of virtualization was initiated specific in the terms of Hardware but later it has got great success in term of Software’s also. There are lots of benefits of hardware as well software virtualization specifically in the field of information technology. Such benefits are like cost saving in terms of infrastructure cost, Labor cost, Hardware cost, Software cost, Space cost, Failover capabilities in case of hardware as well as software failure, reduced the downtime of the production application and most importantly its very helpful in case of any planned or unplanned outages. Since the applications running on production environment has demand the high availability to serve the client requests 24*7, so it’s necessary to minimize the downtime of any planned or unplanned outages as well provide the failover capabilities to minimize the un planned outages. Virtualization is a perfect solution for such an environment where great high availability demanded although still few problems and limitations are there those need to rectify in the future to make it widely accepted by all of the organizations specifically in term of Information Technology. Few of the current issues are like there is no proper way to know the failure of the primary machine because the synch between primary and secondary backup machine can be break due to n number of reasons like due to some network latency or missing of heartbeats due to certain reasons etc. sometimes secondary backup machine did not able to recognize the failure of primary machine due to partial services failure and failover concept didn’t work properly. Apart from that in case of outage of a particular shared resource like shared drive between n numbers of virtual machines impacted the functionality of all of the machines. Still lots of research works have been going on in the same to find out a pure error free virtualization platform.           

Keywords: Availability, Virtualization, Load balancing, Failover, recovery, outages, cluster.

Full Paper

Enhancement of Nisin Production

by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis

MTCC 440 using a Novel Soya

Permeate Medium

Dr. Mukta Sharma

Associate Professor & Head, Department of Microbiology,

Shree Bankey Bihari Dental College & Research Centre

Masuri, Ghaziabad

One of the biggest problems when producing nisin from lactic acid bacteria on an industrial scale is the high cost of the complex peptide sources of the specific commercial media. Improving nisin production through optimization of fermentation parameters would make nisin more cost-effective for various applications. In this work the possibility of using soya permeate as a substitute for commercial peptide sources was studied. The growth and nisin production by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis MTCC 440 was investigated in fixed volume batch fermentation on soya permeate, and MRS medium. Kinetic parameters and nisin production was higher to those obtained with bactopeptone and commercial media. Soya permeate was also supplemented with growth stimulating amino acids. Nisin biosynthesis is strongly dependent on the presence of a sulphur source, either an inorganic salt (magnesium sulphate or sodium thiosulphate) or the amino acids methionine, or cysteine. The amino acids serine, threonine and cysteine highly stimulate nisin production without affecting the final cell yield, indicating their precursor role during nisin biosynthesis.

Keywords: Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Batch fermentation, Nisin, Soya permeate.

Full Paper 

A Flexible Reliability Growth

Model for various Releases of

Software under the Influence of

Testing Resources

Jagvinder Singh¹, Ompal Singh^2,*, Deepti Aggrawal³, Adarsh Anand⁴ and Indarpal Singh⁵

¹Maharaja Agrasen College, University of Delhi, India

^2,3,4Department of Operational Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

⁵DNPG College, Gulaothi, Bulandshahar, UP, India

The life of software is very short in the environment of perfect competition market. Therefore the software developers have to come up with multiple releases in order to survive in the market. But, enhancing the product and coming up with multiple releases puts a constant pressure on even the best organized engineering organizations. The reason being, up-grading a software application is a complex process. Up-grades of software introduce the risk that the new release will contain a bug, causing the program to fail. Therefore, to capture the effect of faults generated in the software with multiple release, we have developed a multi release software reliability model in this paper. The model uniquely take into account the faults of the current release and the remaining faults of just previous release. The multi release software reliability growth model treats the faults removal rate as a function of testing resources consumed. In addition, most of the debugging process in real life is not perfect. Due to complexity and incomplete understanding of the software, the testing team may not be able to remove/correct the fault perfectly on observation/ detection of a failure and the original fault may remain resulting in the phenomenon known as imperfect debugging, or get replaced by another fault causing error generation. The effects of both type of imperfect debugging during testing phase are incorporated in our proposed multi-release model. The model developed is validated on real data set with software which has been released in the market with new features four times

Keywords: Flexible Reliability Growth Models, Various releases, Testing resources.

Full Paper

New Applications of Soft

Computing in Bioinformatics:

A Review

  Amit Gaurav¹, Vivek Kumar² and Dr. Darshika Nigam^3,*

¹Galgotias College of Engg. & Tech., Greater Noida (UP)

 ²Delhi College of Tech. & Mnagment, Palwal, Haryana

^3,*Deptt. of Biochemistry, SLS Dr. B.R. Ambedker University, Agra (UP)

Bioinformatics is a promising and innovative research field. Soft Computing is playing a crucial role as it provides techniques that are especially well suited to obtain results in an efficient way and with a good level of quality. Soft Computing can also be useful to model the imprecision and uncertainty that the Bioinformatics data and problems have. In this paper, we survey the role of different soft computing paradigms, like Fuzzy Sets (FSs), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), evolutionary computation, Rough Sets (RSs), and Support Vector Machines (SVMs), biologically inspired algorithm like ant colony system, swarm intelligence and others in bioinformatics systems and problems.  In broader view the present review reveals the major process and functions which are handled by these computing techniques are pattern-recognition and data-mining tasks, clustering, classification, feature selection, and rule generation of Genomic sequence, protein structure, gene expression microarrays, and gene regulatory networks.

Keywords: Bioinformatics, Soft computing paradigm, Fuzzy sets, Artificial neural network, Rough sets, Support vector Machines, Ant colony system.

Full Paper

Protective Role of Turmeric in

 Manganese-Induced Oxidative

 Alterations in Rat Brain

Darshika Nigam^1,*, Vibha Rani² and Kalpana Singh³

^1,*Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra, India

²Department of Biotehnology, Jay Pee Institute of Technology, Noida, India

³Department of Pathology, S.N. Medical College, Agra, India

Turmeric powder obtained from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn., has been traditionally recognized for treatment of several diseases. Overexposure to manganese (Mn) results in a neurological disorder, termed manganism which shares a similar phenotype to Parkinson’s disease. The present study explores the protective effect of turmeric against the toxicity of manganese (Mn) in adult albino male rat brain. Rats were divided into four groups. Group I rats served as control. Group II rats received turmeric (1g/kg body weight/day, orally) for 45 days. Group III rats were received Mn as MnCl₂ (8mg/Kg body weight/day), intraperitoneally for 15 days. Group IV rats were orally received turmeric for 45 days. Besides turmeric, group IV rats were also received Mn as MnCl₂ (8mg/Kg body weight/day, intraperitoneally) for last 15 days. Levels of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation potential, conjugated dienes, blood-brain barrier permeability, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly increased, however lower levels of superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and membrane fluidity were observed in brain of group III. There was no change found in the activity of catalase in brain of any of the experimental groups. These changes were ameliorated in group IV. The study suggests that turmeric exhibits neuroprotection against free radical-mediated neurotoxicity of Mn.

Keywords: Turmeric, Manganese, Parkinson’s disease, Blood-brain barrier, Neuroprotection.

Full Paper

Weakly g-Continuous Mappings

Vinshu^1,* and Dr. Bhopal Singh Sharma²

^1,*Research scholar, Department of Mathematics, N.R.E.C. College, KHURJA, Bulandshahr, UP, India

²Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, N.R.E.C. College, KHURJA, Bulandshahr, UP, India

The present paper comprises some basic properties of weakly g-continuous mappings. Several necessary and sufficient conditions for weakly g-continuous mappings have been studied in section 2. A few results on composition maps are also established in the last.

Keywords: Weakly g-continuous mapping.

Full Paper

Effect of E-M Field on Hall Coefficient of CdS Thin Film

Vaibhav Jain1,*, Ruchi Agrawal2, Dr. A. K. Sharma3, Dr. Pawan Kumar4 and Dr. Abhijit Kulshreshtha5

1,*Research Scholar, Deptt. of Physics, Faculty of Engg. & Tech., Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan

2Research Scholar, Deptt. of Physics, JJTU, Jhunjunu, Rajasthan, India

3Deptt. of Physics, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Bulandshahr, India

4Deptt. of Physics, Agarsen Degree College, Sikandarabad, Bulandshahr, India

5Deptt. of Physics, Faculty of Engg. & Tech., Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan

Thin film of CdS was prepared by vacuum evoparation method. The variation in Hall coefficient RH of prepared thin film was recorded with electromagnetic field of different frequencies (5-15 MHz at 1MHz steps) and of 10mV, and 15mV amplitudes. The statistical analysis of obtained data was done by R-software which showed that the value of Hall coefficient decreases significantly with increment in frequency of E-M field.

Full Paper

A BJT Based Soil Moisture Sensor for Irrigation Monitoring

Sanyam Agarwal1,*, Arvind Gautam2, Pankaj Singh3 and Rohit Sharma3

1,*Bansal Institute of Engineering &Technology, Meerut

2SDCollege of Engineering &Technology Muzaffarnagar,

3SRM University, Ghaziabad

A soil moisture sensor is an integral aspect of the various precise irrigation techniques. This paper focuses on a BJT based soil moisture sensor which can be implemented in a large array spreading throughout an irrigated field. Soil conductivity depends on the moisture content around the probes. This is particularly useful for monitoring moisture levels around roots of crops planted in an organized manner. The network architecture allows real time monitoring. A microcontroller is used to scan the array of sensors for output values by operating a switch IC, to calculate the moisture percentage value corresponding to the voltage output of each sensor, to display the percentage moisture value or to operate the valves in drip irrigation or sprinkler systems. The whole architecture is easy to implement and cost-effective. The paper also shows the results of the experiments conducted using this sensor to highlight the effect of the potash and urea fertilizers on the soil properties.

Full Paper

Development of Vitamin and Dietary Fibre Enriched Carrot Pomace and Wheat Flour based Buns

Kshitij Kumar1,* and  Navneet Kumar2

1,*Agricultural Engineering Department, Sir Chhotu Ram Institute of Engineering and Technology, CCSU, Meerut

2Agricultural Engineering Department, Rastriya Kisan (P G) College, Shamli, Muzaffarnagar

Buns are basically small sized wheat based bread, which are very popular due to its small shape and complete consumption at one time. The buns are generally used as burgers and other fast food items. The buns do not possess a good quantity of vitamins and dietary fiber. Hence, studies were conducted to develop carrot pomace and fine wheat flour based buns. Product development was done by conventional method utilizing carrot pomace in the different proportions of (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%). All the ingredients were mixed to obtain good consistency dough, later on these were baked in hot air-oven at 177±20C for up to 40 minutes to a golden brown Colour. It was observed that the expansion, water solubility and absorption index decreased with the increase in pomace proportion, whereas bulk density and moisture content increased with the increase in pomace proportion. It was further noted that the expansion, water solubility and absorption index and bulk density were having significant correlation to the pomace proportion (p<0.05).  The buns prepared with carrot pomace at 2.5% levels, showed a very good result in sensory evaluation. The product was recommended for production of carrot buns.

Full Paper

A Review of Digital Image Steganography

Pradeep Kumar Saraswat1,* and  Dr. R. K. Gupta2

1,*Research Scholar, IT, Singhania University, Rajasthan, India

2Professor, Faculty of Engg. & Tech., HR Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, U.P., India

Steganography is defined as the science or even possibly art of hiding likely critical information within other, seemingly benign information. The point of steganography is to prevent the detection of information leakage, not encrypt data. However, there is nothing stopping a user, malicious or otherwise from first encrypting a secret message and then embedding it inside harmless information. The process only deals with embedding one bit stream (the hidden information) inside of another bit stream. Either bit stream can be of any form. However, steganography is frequently used in conjunction with cryptography. In one method, the plain-text would first be encrypted and then feed to the steganography program. This ensures that if the hidden message is retrieved, the plain-text will still be encrypted. The reverse procedure also works. Two technologies that are closely related to steganography are watermarking and fingerprinting. These technologies are mainly concerned with the protection of intellectual property, thus the algorithms have different requirements than steganography. In watermarking all of the instances of an object are “marked” in the same way. The kind of information hidden in objects when using watermarking is usually a signature to signify origin or ownership for the purpose of copyright protection. With fingerprinting on the other hand, different, unique marks are embedded in distinct copies of the carrier object that are supplied to different customers. This enables the intellectual property owner to identify customers who break their licensing agreement by supplying the property to third parties.

Full Paper

Limnological Profile of a Sewage Polluted Fresh Water Pond of District Mirzapur

Yashodhara Sharma1,* and Rashmi Jaiswal1

1,*Department of Zoology. H.N.B. (P.G.) College Naini, Allahabad-211008, India

The present article deals with the limnological profile of a man made fresh water pond situated in the village Manguri belonging to Chetganj town area of district Mirzapur. It was constructed in 1958 for the welfare of village people but now it has become a useless water body. As it receives domestic sewage from a residential police line colony established later on the eastside of the pond) without any pretreatment. Limnological investigations of pond water indicate towards high concentration of pH, TSS, hardness, turbidity, alkalinity, BOD, nitrates and phosphates alongwith excessive growth of members of Cyanophycea.

Full Paper

Drought Analysis of Southern Part of Chhattisgarh Agro-Climatic Plain Zone: A Case Study of Bilaspur District

Vijay Singh1,* and R. K. Isaac1

1,*Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering

Allahabad Agricultural Institute-Deemed University, Allahabad

Rainfall data of 20 years (1982-2001) based on standard weeks was analyzed for Bilaspur District of Chattisgarh State. The earliest dates of monsoon periods were determined along with their deviations from the mean value. The frequency of dry and wet weeks was calculated by using the concept developed by Pandarinath by considering 20mm rainfall in a week as a demarcation line. Dry and wet spells in pre monsoon, monsoon, and post monsoon periods were estimated by using Markov Chain Model. The monthly maximum rainfall at different probability levels was calculated by using Gumble Probability Method. It was observed that there were 23 dry weeks in pre monsoon and 19 wet spells in monsoon at 0.75 probability density, which was found in close proximity with the observed rainfall for the year 2001. The estimation of deficit periods showed that there was a need of irrigation water especially in the 20th to 23rd weeks and 30th to 33rd weeks after  transplanting of paddy crop. Moisture deficit periods were calculated by comparing the mean monthly evapo-transpiration values with the mean monthly rainfall values of Chhattisgarh.

Full Paper

Analysis of  Solid Waste Management Strategies in Major Cities of  Uttar Pradesh in India

Divya Agarwal1,*, Anil Kumar Gupta2 and Manoj Kumar Agarwal3

1,*Accurate Institute of Management & Technology, Applied Sciences & Humanities Department, Greater Noida

2National Institute of Disaster Management (Division of Policy & Planning), Government of India, IIPA Campus, New Delhi 110 002, India

3DJ College of Engineering & Technology , Modinagar, India

India is a developing country with growing economy, indicating high resource consumption and waste generation particularly in urban sector. Municipal solid waste is disposed unscientifically in most of the urban Indian cities, breaking environmental pathways. Present study aims at developing an inventory of solid waste disposal facilities in densely populated major cities of Uttar Pradesh by gathering and analysing relevant data on primary and secondary collection and disposal systems e.g. per capita generation, per capita disposal, collection efficiency, collection & storage facility, transportation facilities, treatment & disposals and the major hindrances in Solid Waste Management (SWM). Solid Waste Management is poor with respect to collection efficiency and segregation of waste.

Full Paper

Factors Influencing B2C M-Commerce Satisfaction and Trust towards M-Commerce Service Providers

Avdhesh Gupta1,*, Dr. Pankaj Madan2 and Shalini Gupta3

1,*Assistant Professor, College of Engineering Roorkee

2Associate Professor, Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidayala, Haridwar

3Assistant Professor, Virendra Swarup Group of Institutions, Kanpur

The objective of this study is to providing the factors influencing satisfaction of B2C operations and trust towards m-commerce service providers. The sample size consists of 200 respondents. The results analysis shows that customer satisfaction towards the vendor was significantly influenced by ease-of-use, responsiveness, and brand image. The customer trust towards the vendor in m-commerce is affected by responsiveness, brand image and satisfaction towards the vendor in m-commerce. Based on the analysis, m-commerce service providers should focus on those factors, which can provide more satisfaction and trust from the customers. For m-commerce service providers, the results enable them to better develop the trust in m-commerce customers.

Full Paper

Analysis of Fault Current Limiter (FCL) for Voltage Sag Mitigation through MATLAB/SIMULINK

Vibhor Chauhan1,*, Rishi Pratap Singh1 and Seema Dhariwal1

1,*Department of Electrical Engineering, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India

Continues growth of electrical energy demand is resulting in a corresponding increase in the short circuit in power system, which results in voltage sag problems and threat to power quality in the system. Several solutions have been implemented, including the use of Fault Current Limiter (FCL), in order to reduce circuit breakers rated capacity and to limit the electromagnetic stress in associated equipment. This paper presents a study of the impact of fault current limiter in power system performance and hence improving the power quality. In order to evaluate the impact of fault current limiter in power system performance, simulation models of power system performance with ‘FCL’ are used. For simulation model development, MATLAB simulation tool “SIMULINK” software is used. A distribution system fed from single source is used to assess the impact of ‘FCL’ to power system performance.

Full Paper

Assessment of Distribution Based SRGM with the Effect of Change-Point and Imperfect Debugging Incorporating Irregular Fluctuations

Ompal Singh1,  Adarsh Anand1,*, Jagvinder Singh1 and  P. K. Kapur2

1,*Department of Operational Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

2Amity International Business School, Amity University, Noida, U.P., India

Computer software has progressively turned out to be an essential component in modern technologies. Testability is the probability whether tests will detect a fault, given that a fault in the program exists. How efficiently the faults will be uncovered depends upon the testability of the software. Various researchers have proposed qualitative and quantitative techniques to improve and measure the testability of software. Furthermore, it is well known fact that the progress of software testing is influenced by various uncertainty factors like effort expenditure, skill of test personal, testing tool, defect density and irregular state of software fault-report phenomena on the bug tracking system. Hence, there is an irregular fluctuation in fault detection/removal rate during testing phase. In this paper, distribution based software reliability growth models have been developed by applying Itô type Stochastic Differential Equations in order to incorporate (i) the irregular fluctuation in the fault detection process due to various uncertainty factor during testing phase; (ii) two types of imperfect debugging and (iii) change-point concept. The proposed stochastic differential equation based models have been validated using real data sets. Various comparison criteria results for goodness of fit have also been presented in the paper.

Full Paper

Thermochromic Studies of MEH-PPV

Bhuvneshwar Prasad Gaur1,*,  Dr. A. K. Sharma1, Vaibhav Jain2 and Dr. Anil Govindan3

1,*Research Scholar Deptt. of Physics, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Bulandshahr, India

1Head, Deptt. of Physics, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Bulandshahr, India

2Assosiate prof. Deptt. of Physics, D.N. (P.G.) College, Gulaothi, Bulandshahr

3Associate prof. M.M.H. (P.G.) College, Ghaziabad

In this work we studied the optical properties of Poly [2-methoxy-5-(2’-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) using polymeric blends with polystyrene. The photoluminescence spectrum of (MEH-PPV) present three characteristic peaks correlating to aggregate electronic transition at 608, 674 and 742 nm at 10° K. An addition of Polystyrene in MEH-PPV films induces a red shift in the absorption spectrum and the photoluminescence spectrum presents a new peak at high energy centred at about 572 nm at 10° K. It is attributed to intra band transition between localized intraband states.

Full Paper

On the Development of Software Reliability Growth Model Based on Features Enhancement

Jagvinder Singh1, Ompal Singh1, Deepti Aggrawal1 and Indarpal Singh2,*

1Department of Operational Research, University of Delhi, India

2,*D.N.(P.G.) College, Gulaothi, Bulandshahar, UP, India

The software industry can be considered as the typical high technology industry where rate of innovation and knowledge creation plays a pivotal role for continued firm growth. In the last few decades it has been observed that the world of software development management has evolved rapidly due to the intensified market competition. In particular the use of feature-addition model of software products in the industry is fast becoming the commonplace. The up-gradation model can be characterized by increasing the number of features in the software that will give the firm competitive edge in the market. The up-gradation of the system is done by extending it through add-ons, interfacing with other applications etc. Continuous up-gradation of software’s also brings complexity in the systems once it failed to work properly. In recent years, there has been a growing interest to predict the link between the rates of failure and the reliability of software. Many software reliability growth models (SRGMs) have been proposed over past three decades that estimate the reliability of a software system as it undergoes changes through the removal of failure causing faults. But unfortunately most of the models didn’t consider anything about the increase in failure rate once an up-gradation is made on the software. The objective of this paper is to propose the software reliability growth model that incorporates the effect of enhancement of features on software during testing and debugging process. Results have been supplemented with numerical examples.

Full Paper

Indexing of Building Materials with Embodied, Operational Energy and Environmental Sustainability with Reference to Green Buildings

         Ashok Kumar1, D. Buddhi2,* and D. S. Chauhan3

1A2Z Maintenance and Engineering Services Ltd, Sector 32, Plot No. 44, Gurgaon- 122001, India

2,*Shivalik College of Engineering, Shimla Bypass Dehradun -248197, India

3Uttarakhand Technical University, Suddhowala, Dehradun -248007, India

There is good number of options to design energy efficient/green buildings. One of the objectives of green building is to conserve the natural resources and substantial energy is consumed in the operation of air conditioning system. In this paper total usage of energy (embodied and operational energy) has been calculated for fire clay bricks and ash blocks building material. Energy and environment indices were calculated and it was found that use of ash block as replacement of fire clay bricks can reduce significantly the heat load, size of air conditioning system and hence contributes towards saving of natural resources and environment.

Full Paper

Cost Benefit Analysis of Three Unit Redundant System Model with Correlated Failures and Repairs

Dr. V. K. Sharma1 and Surendra Prabhat Gupta1,*

1Reader and Head, Department of Mathematics, D.N.(P.G.) College, Gulaothi, Bulandshahr

1,*Research Scholar, Department of Mathematics, D.N.(P.G.) College, Gulaothi, Bulandshahr

In this paper, an attempt is made to study an analysis of three unit redundant system model with correlated failures and repair times. In this work analysis of reliability and mean time to system failure, availability analysis, busy period analysis and profit function analysis are studied. Also graphical study of the system model is shown. The result indicated that higher correlation between the failure and repair times provides the better system performance.

Full Paper

Phytoremediation of Flyash by Assessing Growth Responses of the Local Tree Species

Divya Agarwal¹*, Manoj K. Agarwal², Mohammad Yunus ³ and S.K. Gautam⁴

¹Assosiate Prof., Dept. of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Accurate Institute of Management & Technology, Greater Noida, India.

^bProfessor, D.J. College of Engineering & Technology, Modinagar, India

³School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University, Lucknow, India.

⁴Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Engineering & Management, Mathura, U.P., India.

Flyash is the coal combustion residue generated in bulk quantities from thermal power generation in India. Disposal of flyash is of serious environmental concern due to its hazardous properties, impact on vegetation and crops grown,and long-term risks to ecosystems and human life. Physico-chemical properties of flyash from the Feroz Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Plant (FGUTPP), Raebareilly in Uttar Pradesh (India) were compared with that of Garden Soil (GS). Plants of Terminalia arjuna, Bauhinia variegata and Morus alba were grown on flyash substrate to understand the potential of phytoremediation in reclaiming the flyash dumpsites. The plant growth was analysed in different combinations of flyash and garden soil: 100% flyash (T1), 75% flyash and 25% GS (T2), 50% flyash and 50% GS (T3), 25% flyash and 75% GS (T4). Different morphological viz. Shoot & root growth, and physiological parameters of plant growth viz. Chlorophyll, Protein and Nitrate Reductase were analysed. Results of the study are directly useful in developing phytoremediation protocols for flyash disposal sites of application of flyash as a blend to the plantation areas.

Full Paper

⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study of Cretaceous Sediments of Jaisalmer Petroliferous

Basin of Rajasthan, India

K.R. Patel¹, Sahi Ram^2,* and Renu³

^1,2Professor, Department of Physics, Jai Narain Vyas University Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

³Research Scholar, Department of Physics, Jai Narain Vyas University Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy study was carried out on sedimentary samples collected from different depth interval in Cretaceous sedimentary sequence.  These samples were collected from different test wells drilled in Jaisalmer petroliferous basin and also for each well the samples were collected from different depths. The chemical state of iron in Cretaceous sediments has been studied. Iron is found present in pyrite, carbonates and clays. A possible correlation in relative abundance of iron-bearing minerals and the environment of deposition is discussed.

Full Paper

Study of Ferrous to Ferric Ratio in Source Rock Sediments of Jaisalmer Basin of Rajasthan, India, Using Mössbauer Spectroscopy

K.R. Patel¹, Sahi Ram^2,* and Renu³

^1,2Professor, Department of Physics, Jai Narain Vyas University Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

³Research Scholar, Department of Physics, Jai Narain Vyas University Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

Number of sedimentary samples obtained from different depth were studied using ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy to identify iron phases in samples. These samples were collected from different test wells drilled in Jaisalmer petroliferous basin and also for each well the samples were collected from different depths. Aim of this study was to identify different iron phases and also to obtain information about crucial Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio in the organic rich sediments (source rocks). The Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio seems to be correlated with the environment of deposition in the sediments. The smaller value of Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio indicate poor reducing condition in the sediments which is not favourable for generation of oil/gas in a basin.

Full Paper

Performance Analysis for a Network having Standby Redundant Unit with Waiting in Repair

Jitendra Singh^1,* and Rabins Porwal²

^1,*Research Scholar, NIMS University, Rajasthan, India

²Associate Professor, Department of Information Technology,

Institute of Technology & Science (ITS), Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad (UP) – 201 007,INDIA

In this paper, the authors deal with a complex network having n-identical units in series and two identical standby units for evaluation of its ability measures. The authors have been used supplementary variables technique to formulate the mathematical equations for various flow-states of fig-1(b). These mathematical equations have been solved by the application of Laplace transform. The Laplace transforms of various flow-states probabilities have obtained. We have calculated the expressions for reliability function, availability function and mean time to failure (M.T.T.F.). Analysis of time-independent state probabilities and a particular case, when all repairs follow exponential time distribution, have also given to improve the practical utility of the model.

Full Paper

Performance Study of Single Compressor-Multi Evaporator Type Refrigeration Plant

E.B. Saju^1,* and Dr. Deepankar Sharma²

^1,*Research Scholar, Singhania University, Rajasthan, India

²Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, D.J. College of Engg. & Tech., Modinagar, UP

The author, in this paper, has considered a refrigeration plant for analysis of its some important performance measures. This refrigeration plant has a single compressor with multi-evaporators. Boolean function technique has been used to formulate and solve the mathematical model. Reliability of the system has been obtained in two cases: (i) when failure rates follow exponential time distribution, and (ii) when failure rates follow Weibull time distribution. Mean time to failure of the system has also been given at the end. One numerical example together with the graphical illustration has been appended at the end to highlight the important results of the study.

Full Paper

Analysis of Working Capabilities for Solar PV System Incorporating Environmental Effects

E.B. Saju^1,* and Dr. Deepankar Sharma²

^1,*Research Scholar, Singhania University, Rajasthan, India

²Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, D.J. College of Engg. & Tech., Modinagar, UP

In this paper, the author has considered a solar photovoltaic (PV) system to measure its availability as well as profit. Since, the system under consideration is of Non-Markovian nature, the supplementary variables technique has used to formulate a mathematical model. All the failures follow exponential time distribution whereas all repairs follow general time distribution. Pre-emptive repeat policy has been adopted for repair purpose. Availability and the profit function for the solar system have been computed. Long–run flow-state probabilities and a particular case, when repairs follow general time distribution, have also been obtained to fulfill the approach to better study of the system. The analysis of results has been drawn through a graphical illustration followed by a numerical computation.

Full Paper 

Reliability Forecast for UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) by Employing Boolean Truth Table Method

Pankaj Singh^1,*, Shamimul Qamar² and K. P. Yadav³

^1,*Research Scholar, NIMS University, Rajasthan, India

²Professor, Institute of Science & Technology Klawad, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India

³Professor, Saraswati Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ghaziabad (U.P.)

This paper investigates the application of the Boolean Truth Table modeling method in estimating the reliability parameters such as the system’s failure rate and Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), for the uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems. The term “uninterruptible” in the UPS implies that the system never fails. However, like any electrical system, failure will occur at some point in time. The reliability of the system is a function of the component selection, the environment of the UPS and the proper operation and maintenance of the UPS. The reliability estimation of the UPS enables the system designers, manufacturers and lastly the end-user to ensure that the UPS will be able to support the critical loads for a specified time during unforeseen circumstances. This paper proposed the Boolean Truth Table method in predicting the failure rates, and mean time between failures (MTBF), of the three types of UPS configurations.

Full Paper 

Opportunity of Energy Saving: A Case Study of Engineering College Workshop

Shailendra Kasera^1,*, Ashish Nayyar² and Ravi Kumar Goyal³

^1,*Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur

²Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SKIT Jaipur

³Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, JIT Jaipur

Today energy is a prime focus due to rapid growth and development of technology. Energy audit is going to play a vital role in order to save energy and make the process efficient. Energy efficiency is extremely important to all the organization. It should not be limited industry; creating awareness in all users of energy is an urgent task. Although industry is a major user of energy we can not overlook the energy consumption in other sector. This paper includes the case study of engineering college’s workshop. It is found that both energy and time can be saved using suitable method & tips and earliest opportunity to create awareness of energy conservation among the students.

Full Paper

Reliability Measurement of a Four Cylinder Diesel Engine By Employing Algebra of Logics

Trilok Nath^1,* and Dr. Moonis Masood²

^1,*Research Scholar, Singhania University, Rajasthan, India

²Dept. of Mathematics, Yanbu University College, Kingdom of Saudia Arabia

In this paper, the authors have evaluated reliability of four cylinder diesel engine by employing the Algebra of logics which is easier in comparison of old techniques. Here, a multi-component fuel system in diesel engine, comprised of four subsystems in series, has considered. The authors, in this model, have considered a parallel redundant fuel injective device to improve the system’s performance. The whole system can fail due to failure of atleast one component of all the routes of flow. Boolean function technique has used to formulate and solve the mathematical model. Reliability and M.T.T.F. of the considered diesel engine have been obtained to connect the model with physical situations. A numerical example and its graphical representation have been appended at last to highlight important results.

Full Paper

Some Exact Solutions for Rotating Flows of a Generalized Second Grade Fluid in Cylindrical Domains

Rakhi Sharma¹, A. K. Bhargava­², Narottam Kumar³ and A. B. Chandramouli⁴

¹Research Scholar, C.C.S. University, Meerut

 ²Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, M.M.H. College, Ghaziabad (UP), India

^3,4Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Meerut College, Meerut (UP), India

¹E-mail:rakhi_shrma83@yahoo.com, ²E-mail: dr.bhargavaak@gmail.com

In this paper, we have studied the rotational flow of a generalized second grade fluid between two infinite coaxial circular cylinders. The velocity field and the shear stress obtained by means of Laplace and Hankel transforms are presented under series form in terms of generalized functions. At time t = 0, the fluid and cylinders are at rest. At t = 0⁺, both cylinders suddenly begin to rotate, about their common axis, with a constant angular acceleration. The obtained solutions can be specialized to give the similar solutions for ordinary second grade and Newtonian fluids performing the same motion.

Full Paper

Surfactants as Corrosion Inhibitors for Stainless Steel in HCl Solution

Diwan Singh Rajan^1,* and Dr. Shiv Darshan Malik²

^1,*Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, JJT University, Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan) India

²Research Guide , Department of Chemistry, JJT University, Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan) India

The role of some surfactants in the corrosion of Stainless steel in 1.0 M HCl has been studied using weight loss and galvanostatic polarization techniques. Results showed that the inhibition occurs through adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on the metal surface. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with increasing inhibitor concentration and decreased with increasing temperature which is due to the fact, that the rate of corrosion of Stainless steel is higher than the rate of adsorption The inhibiting action of these compounds are considerably enhanced by the addition of KI, due to the increase of the surface coverage and therefore indicate the joint adsorption of these compounds and iodide ions. Thermodynamic parameters for adsorption and activation processes were determined. Galvanostatic polarization data indicated that these compounds act as mixed-type inhibitors. Results obtained from the two techniques are in good agreement.

Full Paper

Intensify the I/O Performance of OODBS by Collaboration between Clustering and Buffer Replacement

Dheeraj Chooramani^1,* and Dr. D.K. Pandey²

^1,*Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, JJTU Rajasthan

² Director, Dr. Pandey Professional College Ghaziabad

There are different techniques for improving I/O performance of Object oriented database Management Systems (OODBMS). Over 15 years of research into OODBMS design, performance remains as one of the major problems. I/O reduction has proven to be one of the most effective ways enhancing performance. The two main techniques of improving I/O performance of Object Oriented Database Management Systems (OODBMS) are clustering and buffer replacement. Clustering is the placement of objects accessed near to each other in time into the same page. Buffer replacement involves the selection of a page to be evicted, when the buffer is full. The page evicted ideally should be the page needed least in the future. These two techniques both influence the likelihood of a requested object being memory resident. We believe an effective way of reducing disk I/O is to take advantage of the synergy that exists between clustering, and buffer replacement. Hence, we design a framework, whereby clustering algorithms incorporating buffer replacement cache behaviour can be conveniently employed for enhancing the I/O performance of OODBMS. We call this new type of clustering algorithm, Cache Conversant Clustering (C3). In this paper, we present the C3 framework, and a C3 algorithm that we have developed, namely C3-GGP Greedy Graph Partioning. We have tested C3-GGP against three well known clustering algorithms. The results show that C3-GGP out performs them by up to 42% when using popular buffer replacement algorithms such as LRU,FCFS and CLOCK. C3-GGP offers the same performance as the best existing clustering algorithm when the buffer size compared to the database size is very small.

Full Paper

Influence of Pollutant Particles and Electric Field in Particle Nucleation and Condensation

Shivani Avasthi^1,* and P.P. Pathak²

^1,*Research  Scholar, Department of Physics, GKV Haridwar

²Professor & Head, Department of Physics, GKV Haridwar

Theory of drop growth in presence of external electric field and pollutant particles has been applied to water vapour condensation. In presence of electric field, Helmholtz free energy of formation of water molecule about a critical nucleus is found to be much less than that in absence of the electric field. We see that for vapour just saturated with respect to water, the energy of the nucleus formation rapidly increases with size as r²_wc. The observations suggests that nucleation rate is extremely sensitive to supersaturation ratio, since the term in the exponent varies as S^-2_v,w. Since in presence of ions and electric field a small value of electric field is comparable to very high supersaturation ratio to get a nucleus of given size under similar conditions of temperature.

Full Paper

The RF Stimulated DC & Magneto Conduction Processes In Geo-Rock Crystals Granitoids

Pawan Kumar*, M. Mittal# , R.Swarup# and Vaibhav Jain**

*Deptt. of Physics, AS college Sikandrabad, 203201 (U.P.)

#Deptt. of Physics, DS College Aligarh – 203001 (U.P.)

**Deptt. of Physics, DN college, Gulaothi -245408 (U.P.)

The gold bearing mineral from Bundelkhand region neighbouring district Lalitpur develops good dc as well as magneto-conductivity under radio frequency               excitation. The granitoid crystals G-4 & G-6 well get in four probe Hall geometry to record the ohmic as well as magneto potentials under radio frequency (2-5.2 MHz) excitation and magnetic field 4, 6 KGauss has been studied and their electrical carrier concentrations ‘n’ with 5 MHz and magnetic field, H=14 KGauss had been computed. The MRF excitation in Geo-Rock crystals seems to impose semiconductor synthesis, since electrical carrier concentration ‘n’ comes out to be of the order of 1014 per cc.

Keywords:  Granitoid crystals, Four probe Hall geometry, MRF excitation.

Full Paper

Dielectric And Piezoelectric Studies Of PLZT Prepared By A Novel Method

Hari Mohan Singh*, A.K. Sharma* and  Anil Govindan#

*DAV (P.G.) College Bulandshahar, Uttar Pradesh,

 #MMH College Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh

The dielectric and piezoelectric studies were carried on La doped Lead Zirconate Titanate PZT (PLZT) ceramic prepared by the method of homogenous precipitation. The material showed better dielectric constants and piezocoefficients compared to the solid state sintering method. The important point is the fine particle size and hence sintering at lower temperature. The dielectric behavior is typical of polar dielectrics with a perovskite structure. The PLZT samples with 8 % La exhibits the maximum figure of merit needed for under water sonar applications.

Keywords: Zirconate Titanate, perovskite structure.

Full Paper

Early Childhood Caries : A Dental Form Of

Health Care Neglect

 Manish Goel*, G. Venkanna Babu** and Manish Sharma#

*Professor, Department of pedodontics and preventive dentistry,

Maitri College of dentistry and research centre, Durg, (C.G.)

**Senior Lecturer, Department of pedodontics and preventive dentistry,

Maitri College of dentistry and research centre, Durg, (C.G.)

#Professor, Department of prosthodontics,

 Sardar Patel institute of dental sciences, Lucknow (U.P)

A child is defined as a young human being below the age of full physical development. A child is dependent on his parents or caretakers for the entire physical and mental wellbeing. Any aberration in the parent’s attitudes towards the child results in abuse and neglect of the child. Dental neglect can be indicative of a wider welfare picture of child neglect and abuse and is the most prevalent form of health care neglect especially in India. Failure to seek or obtain proper dental care may result from factors such as family isolation, lack of finance, parental ignorance, or lack of perceived value of oral health.  Early childhood caries, a form of dental caries, can occur any time after teeth eruption and may occur in infant or children with frequent and prolonged exposure to liquids rich in sugar especially at night. Neglecting early childhood caries can lead to pain, infection, loss of tooth  and  function which can adversely affect activities necessary for normal growth and development of an infant or a child. At present , dental neglect is a field especially related to early childhood caries that has received little direct attention. Collaborative working both between dental and other child caring disciplines is necessary to deal with this problem. Pediatricians and other child health care  professionals can have a major impact on prevention of early childhood caries  by early intervention.

Keywords: Dental neglect, early childhood caries, dental caries, child neglect.

Full Paper

Bluetooth Specification In Wireless Environment

Alok Goel*, Dilip Kumar* and Shomil Bansal*

* MIT, Bulandshahr, U.P., India

‘Bluetooth’ is a technique of Wireless Personal area network (WPAN) specially designed to support portable, mobile computing devices and a variety of consumer electronic equipment. The Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio band. Bluetooth radio characteristics include low power, short range and medium transmission speed. Bluetooth chips are already available and early applications include cordless connections from mobile phones to laptop computers and wireless headsets. Since May 1998 the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) has steered the development of the technology through the development of an open industry specification, including both protocols and application scenarios, and a qualification program designed to assure end-user value for Bluetooth products. This paper introduces the Bluetooth wireless technology and its applications and provides a concise description of its air interface, architecture, protocol stack and security.

Keywords: Pico net, Scatternet, Ad hoc networking, Security.

Full Paper

Generalized Theorem on Multivariable H-function Transform

Harendra Singh* and O.P. Chaudhary**

 *Dept. of Mathematics, M.M.H. College, Ghaziabad

**Dept. of Mathematics, Sunder Deep Engineering College, Ghaziabad

In this research paper, we obtain an interesting theorem involving multivariable H-function transform. This theorem is quite general in nature and capable of giving a number of new, interesting and useful results. The results obtained by Chaurasia  and Gupta are special cases of main finding.

Keywords: H-function transform.

Full Paper

Algal Flora Of Saline Habitats, Kaprla

Bhoj Raj Odhwani

Department of Botany, J.N.V. Univesity, Jodhpur

Blue-green algal forms are being enumerated, collected from saline habitat of Kapria village-Rajasthan.

Keywords: algal forms, saline habitat.

Full Paper

Pollution Status of a hypertrophic fresh water pond of

district Mirzapur

Yashodhara Sharma* and Rashmi Jaiswal

*Associate Prof., Deptt. of  Zology, HNB Govt. P.G. College, Nani, Allahabad

Fresh water Pond selected for present study is situated in the village Manguri which belongs to Chetganj town area of district Mirzapur. It can be referred as hypertrophic pond as it receives various types of waste from surroundings, such as agricultural run off (containing non-biodegradable pesticide and fertilizers) household or domestic waste, soap and detergents and organic waste (cow dung) load along with temple garbage. This pond has been studied for pollution with special emphasis on physico-chemical characteristics. The level of pollution was found to reach the maximum during summers. The pond water contains high level of pH, Alkalinity, BOD & COD. Total suspended solids, Dissolved solids, Nitrates, Phosphates & heavy metal Chromium also exceeds the permissible limit.

Key words: Hypertrophic, Non-Biodegradable.

Full Paper

Impact Of Security In 3G (3rd Generation) M-Commerce Applications For B2B & B2C Operations

Avdhesh Gupta* and  Dr Pankaj Madan#

*Research Scholor, GKV Haridwar

#Associate Professor, GKV Haridwar

Security challenges, security risks, and security implementations within 3-G M-Commerce is the main issues in this paper. Here, the attention will be paid to see the impact of security of 3-G M-Commerce applications on B2B and B2C operations. Further, by describing the current state of security within 3-G M-Commerce, the paper will show the pitfalls that need to be corrected. It is further envisaged to propose an ideal 3-G M-Commerce system that will overcome these pitfalls and provide optimal security and better quality without degrading the new technology to the point of uselessness. The work is aimed at addressing the issues related to the security of B2B & B2C operations in 3-G enabled M-Commerce so that we will have a positive effect on India’s economic and social development.

Keywords: UMTS, M-commerce, B2B, B2C.

Full Paper

Fluoride Distribution In Ground Water Of Godwar Region In Pali District

Dr. Sangeeta Parihar

Assistant Professor,Department of chemistry,

Jodhpur Engineering College and Research Centre

Jodhpur National University,, Narnadi, Jodhpur

Physico-chemical analysis of ground water of the Godwar region, was performed to have a clear picture of water quality of the area so that the remedial measures could be work out for high fluoride concentration, which may cause osteoporosis and fluorosis. Fluoride concentration of groundwater samples from twenty stations of Godwar region (Bali and Desuri Tehsils) of Pali district of Rajasthan was determined. In the region the maximum fluoride concentration is recorded 4.8 mg/l in the ground water of Dungrasani Bali.

Keywords: fluoride, ground water, fluorosis.

Full Paper

Development of carrot pomace and wheat Flour based cookies

Navneet Kumar* and Kshitij Kumar**

* Agricultural Engineering Department,

Rastriya Kisan (Post Graduate) College, Shamli, Muzaffarnagar

**Sir Chhotu Ram Institute of Engineering and Technology, CCSU, Meerut

Carrot is the excellent source of â carotene and other vitamins. The carrot is utilized as raw, cooked vegetable, sweet meats or as juice and beverages. Carrot pomace is the by-product of carrot juice extraction process. The carrot pomace was dried in hot air oven at 65°C and then grinded to pass through 2 mm sieve. Dried carrot pomace was added in different proportions (0 –9%) to fine wheat flour, shortening, sugar and water. The formulation was baked at 175 °C for 12 min. in the gas oven with air circulation. The moisture content of cookies was measured using hot air oven method. The hardness was measured using a texture analyzer (TA-XT2) with the cutting probe in compression mode. The colour of both the sides of cookies was measured using a Hunter’s lab color analyzer. The sensory characteristics for colour, taste, aroma and texture were analyzed using Hedonic rating test by ten panelists. It was observed that moisture content varied from 4.03 to 4.79% with an average moisture content of 4.41%. The average L*, a*, b* values ranged from 51.535 to 61.206, 11.205 to 15.595, 31.65 to 35.27 with average values of 55.3275, 13.84625 and 34.18375 respectively. Maximum change was observed in L* value followed by a* and b* with respect to control sample. The hardness was ranged from 41.047 to 116.1N with an average value of 81.499N. It was further observed that moisture content, hardness and L*, a* values increased with the increase in proportion of carrot pomace in cookies, whereas no pattern of change was observed in b* value with change in proportion of carrot pomace.  Sensory score of all the cookies ranged from fair to very good; whereas the cookies with 6% dried carrot pomace proportion got the highest score. The study indicated that the carrot pomace could be incorporated into ready-to-eat bakery cookies up to the level of 6% as a source of vitamins and dietary fiber.

Keywords: Carrot pomace, Wheat flour, Texture, Colour, Cookies, Sensory.

Full Paper

Effect Of E-M Field On Hall Coefficient Of ZnTe Thin Film

Vaibhav Jain*, Ruchi Agrawal#, Abhijit Kulshrestha* and  A. K. Sharma#

*Deptt. of Physics, Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 324001

#Deptt. of Physics, D.A.V.(P.G.) College, Bulandshahr, UP, 203001

Thin film of ZnTe was prepared by vacuum evoparation method. The variation in Hall coefficient RH of prepared thin film was recorded with electromagnetic field of different frequencies (5-15 MHz with 1MHz steps) with 10mV and 15mV amplitudes. The statistical analysis of obtained data was done by R-software which showed that the value of Hall coefficient decreases significantly with increment in frequency of E-M field.

Keywords: Vacuum evaporation method, Hall coefficient, R-software.

Full Paper